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受事.
受事是表示动作或状态变化的承受者的语义角色。[1]有时“主题”和“受事”可以指同一概念。[2]:165-166
在区分两者的情景下使用时,“施事”指变化的状态的承受者(“我撞了车”);“主题”则没有这一功能(“我有车”)。[3] By that definition, 状态动词施加于主题,动作动词施加于受事。
理论
一般地,句子表达状况,句中动词表示动作,名词短语表示受事。
例如,句子“张三吃饭”中,“饭”是受事。一些语言中,受事需要变格或添加其他标记以表示其语法功能。例如,日语中,动作及物动词的受事以助词o(平假名を)为后缀;助词ga(平假名が)用于非动作不及物动词或形容词上。
受事常与直接宾语混淆。但是它们有明显的差别。受事是语义特征,取决于小句的含义;直接宾语是句法特征,取决于小句充当的句子成分。例如,句子“狗咬人”中,“人”既是受事也是直接宾语;相对地,句子“人被狗咬了”中,句意一样,但语法结构不一样,“人”仍是受事,但现在是小句的主语;“狗”只是施事。
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