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轴流式压气机

压气机的运作示意动画。在图中静止不动的扇叶即为“静子”。

轴流式压气机,通常指压气机(英语:Axial compressor),是一种被广泛应用于燃气涡轮发动机的压缩气体的设备。压气机能够持续高效率的对轴向流动的空气进行增压,因此是大多数喷气发动机中的重要组成部分[1]。此外亦常见于工业应用,例如化工厂的空气分离制程、炼铁厂的高炉鼓风、炼油厂的流化\催化\裂化制程和丙烷脱氢。由于在气动包线(英语:Flight envelope)中具有良好效能、可靠度以及操作弹性,也能看到它们作为宇航火箭发动机的燃料泵或其他极大流量增压之用。

原理

图示压气机的原理

压气机通常由多级组成,每一级压气机包括一排转子和一排静子。转子通过旋转时和静子的相互作用而对空气增压。由于气体在压缩机中的流动,不是沿半径方向,而是沿轴向,所以轴流式压缩机的最大特点在于单位面积的气体通流能力大,在相同加工气体量的前提条件下,径向尺寸小,特别适用于要求大流量的场合。

喘振 (Surging)

压缩机工作时,如果出口压力增高,流量下降,叶片气流攻角增大,这样在叶片背面产生气体分离,形成脱离区,使压缩机出口压力突然下降,一般随着压力下降分离消失,压力再升时这种分离反复发生形成喘振。严重时还会出现气体的倒流,喘振使叶片产生强烈振动,并使压缩机机壳内温度急剧升高,持续下去就会使压缩机损坏。

压气机失速

在早期的喷气发动机中,压气机失速的问题十分常见。近期亦有事故疑由压气机失速引起,如全美航空1549号班机迫降事故[2]

参考文献

  1. ^ 何庆芝. 航空航天概论. 北京航空航天大学出版社. 1997: 97–116. ISBN 7-81012-701-2 (中文(中国大陆)). 
  2. ^ Simon Hradecky. Incident: US Airways A320 near Newark on Jan 13th 2009, compressor stall. The Aviation Herald. 2009-01-20 [2012-01-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-23) (英语). 
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轴流式压气机
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