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沙虎鲨

沙虎鲨
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 软骨鱼纲 Chondrichthyes
亚类: 鲨总目 Selachimorpha
目: 鼠鲨目 Lamniformes
科: 锥齿鲨科 Odontaspididae
属: 锥齿鲨属 Carcharias
种:
沙虎鲨 C. taurus
二名法
Carcharias taurus
Rafinesque, 1810
锥齿鲨分布范围(蓝色)
异名
  • Carcharias owstoni (Garman, 1913)
  • Carcharias arenarias (Ogilby, 1911)
  • Synodontaspis taurus
  • Odontaspis taurus
  • Eugomphodus taurus
  • 印度后鳍锥齿鲨 Carcharias tricuspidatus Day, 1878

沙虎鲨学名Carcharias taurus),又名戟齿砂鲛戟齿锥齿鲨欧氏锥齿鲨沙锥齿鲨,是一种生活在海岸海域的大型鲨鱼。沙虎鲨的外表凶猛,有强劲的游泳能力,不过牠却保持沉静及游动较缓慢。除非受到挑衅,否则牠并不带有攻击性。[1]

栖息地及分布

沙虎鲨一般生活在其群居的一公里范围内,保持在较接近海床的地方。沙虎鲨现正分布在大西洋印度洋太平洋不同的地方。

解剖及外观

白化沙虎鲨,大约3米长

沙虎鲨的身体敦实,具有腮裂,有两条大的背鳍,尾巴很长及有长的顶部。牠有尾前小窝,但没有尾巴龙骨。牠的身体纺锤形,有黄锈色斑点或条纹,头扁平,圆锥形的牙齿尖锐并突出咀外。牠们一般长3.2米。雄性沙虎鲨长约2.1米时达至性成熟,而雌性则要2.2米长。

沙虎鲨的背部一般都呈灰色,腹部呈白色。于2007年8月,在澳洲的西南岩地就发现了一头白化的沙虎鲨。[2]

饮食

沙虎鲨的食物主要有硬骨鱼(包括大海鲈)、其他鲨鱼𫚉鱼鱿鱼龙虾[3]

行为

沙虎鲨一般都会在海岸区域,水深60至190米处聚集,更深的地方亦有发现牠们的踪迹。牠们在白日会躲在洞穴中,于夜间出外猎食。日间牠们表现得很懒洋洋,而夜间则很活跃。沙虎鲨是唯一一种会吞下及储存空气胃部的鲨鱼,以控制其浮潜。

生殖

沙虎鲨是卵胎生的,即母亲会怀有从卵中孵化的幼鲨。雌性有两个子宫。在子宫中的幼鲨会互相捕食,所以每次约6至9个月的妊娠期都只会有2至4头幼鲨出生,出生后的幼鲨已有优越的猎食本能。这个过程称为子宫内同类相食,使牠们在接近灭绝的情况下仍很难大幅增加数目。故此有科学家计划替沙虎鲨进行人工受孕及孵化幼鲨,以增加牠们的数目。[4]另一项计划则是从子宫中取出幼鲨的胚胎,以避免同类相食,并进行人工妊娠。[5]

保育

沙虎鲨的数量在近几十年急速的减少,尤其在1960及1970年代。[6]经过达20年的保育后,其数目仍然在减少,在东澳洲就只余400至500头沙虎鲨。不过有些科学家就认为计算沙虎鲨数量的方法有所限制,有指自1984年起,沙虎鲨的数目已经回升至1000、2000或6000头不等。

每年有超过一百万头鲨鱼被杀,包括因海上捞网、副渔获[7]、复仇、防鲨网、商业及消闲活动、浮潜打鱼等而被杀。[3][8]但有指由于沙虎鲨是受保护的物种,浮潜打鱼等应该对其没有影响。主要原因是副渔获及商业活动。加上沙虎鲨的迟熟及低生殖率,使问题更为恶化。[6]防鲨网亦不幸地造成过百头沙虎鲨的死亡。[9]另一种危害是来自沙虎鲨的鳍,在被捕获后,牠们往往被割去鱼鳍作为鱼翅,然后放回海里,任其自灭。这种方法在很多国家都是被禁止的。

注脚

  1. ^ Peter Cooper. Sandtiger Shark profile. the Florida Museum of National History. [2007-11-23]. (原始内容存档于2013-03-13). 
  2. ^ Rare albino shark rules deep. The Daily telegraph. Australia. 2007-08-08 [2007-11-23]. (原始内容存档于2013-03-13). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Environment Australia. Recovery plan for the Grey Nurse Shark (Carcharias taurus) in Australia. June 2002 [2007-11-23]. ISBN 978-0-642-54788-0. (原始内容存档于2007-01-29). 
  4. ^ Scientists to breed test-tube sharks页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), CNN.
  5. ^ Sibling sharks turn predator in the grey nursery页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Sydney Morning Herald.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Pollard, D. A. and Smith, M.P.L. Threatened fishes of the world: Carcharias taurus (Rafinesque, 1810)(Odontaspididae). Evironmental Biology of Fishes. 1999, 56: 365. 
  7. ^ Otway, N.M., Bradshaw, C.J.A. and Harcourt, R.G. Estimating the rate of quasi-extinction of the Australian grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus) population using deterministic age- and stage-classified models. Biological Conservation. 2003, 119: 341–350. 
  8. ^ Clarke, S. C., McAllister, A.K., Milner-Gulland, E.J, Kirkwood, G.P., Michielsens, C.G.J., Agnew, D.J., Pikitch, E.K. Nakano, H. and Shivji, M.S. Global estimates of shark catches using trade records from commercial markets. Ecology Letters. 2006, 9 (10): 1115–1126. 
  9. ^ Krogh, M. and Reid, D. Bycatch in the protective shark meshing programme off South-Eastern New South Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation. 1996, 77: 219–226. 

参考

外部链接

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沙虎鲨
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