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半连续性

数学分析中,半连续性是实值函数的一种性质,分成上半连续下半连续,半连续性较连续性弱。

形式定义

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拓扑空间,而 为实值函数。若对每个 ε > 0 都存在 的开邻域 使得 ,则称 上半连续。该条件也可以用上极限等价地表述:

上的每一点都是上半连续,则称之为上半连续函数

下半连续性可以准此定义:若对每个 ε > 0 都存在 的开邻域 使得 ,则称 下半连续。用下极限等价地表述为:

上的每一点都是下半连续,则称之为下半连续函数

拓扑 赋予实数线 较粗的拓扑,上半连续函数可以诠释为此拓扑下的连续函数。若取基为 ,则得到下半连续函数。

例子

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上半连续但不是下半连续函数的例子(蓝点表

考虑函数

此函数在 上半连续,而非下半连续。

下半连续但不是上半连续连续的函数的例子(蓝点表

下整数函数 处处皆上半连续。同理,上整数函数 处处皆下半连续。

性质

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一个函数在一点连续的充要条件是它在该点既上半连续也下半连续。

在某一 点上半连续,则 亦然;若两者皆非负,则 在该点也是上半连续。若 在一点上半连续,则 在该点下半连续,反之亦然。

为紧集(例如闭区间),则其上的上半连续函数必取到极大值,而下半连续函数必取到极小值。

为下半连续函数序列,而且对所有

是下半连续函数。

开集的指示函数为下半连续函数,闭集的指示函数为上半连续函数。

文献

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  • Hyers, Donald H.; Isac, George; Rassias, Themistocles M. Topics in nonlinear analysis & applications. World Scientific. 1997. ISBN 9810225342. 
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半连续性
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