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北美黄橡

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北美黄橡
北美黄橡Quercus muehlenbergii
科学分类 编辑
界: 植物界 Plantae
演化支 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支 蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目: 壳斗目 Fagales
科: 壳斗科 Fagaceae
属: 栎属 Quercus
种:
北美黄橡 Q. muehlenbergii
二名法
Quercus muehlenbergii
Engelm.英语George Engelmann
Natural range
异名[3][4]
列表
  • Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm.[2]
  • Quercus mühlenbergii Engelm.
  • Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Sarg.
  • Quercus acuminata var. alexanderiFarw.
  • Quercus alexanderi Britton
  • Quercus brayi Small
  • Quercus castanea Muhl.
  • Quercus castanea var. macrophylla Hampton
  • Quercus muehlenbergii f. alexanderi (Britton) Trel.
  • Quercus muehlenbergii var. alexanderi (Farw.) Farw.
  • Quercus muehlenbergii var. brayi (Small) Sarg.
  • Quercus prinoides var. acuminata (Michx.) Gleason
  • Quercus prinoides f. alexanderi (Britton) Steyerm.
  • Quercus prinus var. acuminata Michx.
  • Quercus rubra var. muehlenbergii (Engelm.) Wenz.
  • Quercus sentenelensis C.H.Mull.

北美黄橡(Quercus muehlenbergii)又名锥栗橡,在早期文献中该物种常被记载为Quercus acuminata。原产地为美国加拿大墨西哥,分布范围北至佛蒙特州明尼苏达州安大略省南部[5] ,南至西佛罗里达科阿韦拉州伊达尔戈州[2],西至的新墨西哥州北美洲东部和中部地区。

描述

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北美黄橡高20至45米,树冠尖拱形。树皮为浅灰棕色和扁平鳞片状。幼枝多毛。叶片两侧各有8至13个维管束。叶片上部维黄绿色,下部是白色的绒毛。叶柄长5.1至10.2公分[6] [7]

与矮锥栗橡和栗橡之比较

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北美黄橡与较小且相似的矮锥栗橡(Quercus prinoides)英语Quercus prinoides有密切相关性。北美黄橡为乔木或少部分为灌木,但矮锥栗橡为一种生长缓慢,形成克隆林的灌木。这两个物种通常生长在不同的土壤地质中:北美黄橡常见于白垩质英语Calcareous土壤和岩坡上,而矮锥栗橡通常见于酸性基质和沙子、沙质土壤和干页岩上。[2][8]

北美黄橡亦容易与栗橡(Quercus montana)英语Quercus montana混淆。但是与北美黄橡的尖齿树叶不同的是栗橡树叶通常为圆齿。两者的树皮也十分不同:北美黄橡的树皮为片状呈灰色,与北美白橡非常相似,且因北美白橡的树皮有时亦呈现棕褐色,因此该品种偶尔误称之为北美黄橡;而栗橡则为深色、坚实的树皮。北美黄橡橡子也比栗橡及与其相似之树种如沼泽栗橡(Quercus michauxii)英语Quercus michauxii来的硕大许多。[2]

特征

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北美黄橡的主要特征包括[9]

  • 果实:橡子,单生或成对,无柄或有柄,3.8至5.1公分,成熟期需1年,在9月或10月成熟为栗褐色。彀斗包覆大约一半的橡子,为栗褐色或黑色。[2]
  • 树皮:薄,扁平鳞片状,浅灰色有时略带淡黄褐色。
  • 叶基:宽楔形或圆形。[2]
  • 叶脉和窦:整齐的分布。[2]
  • 叶:长5至15公分,宽4至8公分,尖齿状,长圆形、倒卵形或披针形,无刚毛。[2]
  • 花:雌雄同株异花;花在四月至五月下旬或六月初开花。雄蕊为从叶腋生长之葇荑花序,而雌蕊亦为从叶腋中生长出来。[2]

生态关系

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土壤及地形

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北美黄橡通常生长于拥有排水良好白垩质英语Calcareous土壤石灰石裸落的高地,偶尔在河岸排水良好的白垩质土壤中发现它。北美黄橡通常生长土壤pH值为弱酸(pH约6.5)至碱性(pH 7.0以上)的土壤中。北美黄橡可在海拔0到2300米的北美洲北方和南方生长,但在温暖的南方地区更为常见,但在阿帕拉契山的高海拔地区则相当少见或以至于不存在。[2][8]

竞争

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北美黄橡为不耐荫凉之树种,年轻时仅可承受中等阴影,但是随着年龄的增长,它对阴影的耐受性将更高。北美黄橡容易成为干旱土壤上的顶极群落物种英语Climax species,尤其是在白垩质英语Calcareous土壤上[2][8]。虽然在潮湿的白垩质英语Calcareous土壤中亦可成为顶极群落的组成部分,但是许多北美黄橡生长的潮湿森林上大多以被梣树枫树山毛榉等顶极群落物种所取代。

应用

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木材

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像其他白橡亚属英语List of Quercus species#Section Quercus物种一样,北美黄橡的木材也是一种耐用的硬木,并在多种类型的建筑领域备受推崇。[10]

野生动物食物

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北美黄橡以其甜美可口的橡子而闻名,因其薄壳内的核仁是所有橡树中最甜的,即使以生食方式食用也具有极好的味道,提供了如沟鼠灰松鼠白尾鹿草原田鼠英语Microtus pennsylvanicus野生火鸡美东花栗鼠等生物食用,进而成为野生动物人类极佳的食物来源。[11][12]

文献

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  • Quercus muehlenbergii. International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew英语Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 
  • Quercus muehlenbergii. Flora of North America (FNA) (Missouri Botanical Garden) –通过eFloras.org. 
  • Quercus muehlenbergii. Flora of Missouri (Missouri Botanical Garden) –通过eFloras.org. 
  • Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
  • CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  • Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  • Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Fl. N. Amer. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590.
  • Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  • Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  • Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  • Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
  • Voss, E. G. 1985. Michigan Flora. Part II Dicots (Saururaceae-Cornaceae). Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 59. xix + 724.
  • Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide Vasc. Pl. Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

参考

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  1. ^ Kenny, L.; Wenzell, K.; Jerome, D. Quercus muehlenbergii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017, 2017: e.T194202A111279204 [11 April 2020]. 
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Nixon, Kevin C. Quercus muehlenbergii . Flora of North America (FNA) 3 (Missouri Botanical Garden) –通过eFloras.org. 
  3. ^ Quercus muehlenbergii. Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. 
  4. ^ Quercus muehlenbergii页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).世界植物科精选清单英语World Checklist of Selected Plant Families(WCSP).邱园植物名录英语The Plant List.
  5. ^ Quercus muehlenbergii. County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA) (Biota of North America Program (BONAP)). 2014. 
  6. ^ Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze, S. 504
  7. ^ Quercus muehlenbergii. United States Department of Agriculture. [2011-12-30] (englisch). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆存档副本. [2021-01-25]. 原始内容存档于2021-01-26. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Nixon, Kevin C. Quercus prinoides . Flora of North America (FNA) 3 (Missouri Botanical Garden). [8 October 2011] –通过eFloras.org. 
  9. ^ Barnes, B. V.; Wagner Jr., W. H. Michigan Trees. University of Michigan Press. 2008. 
  10. ^ Chinkapin Oak. Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky. [2017-10-05]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-11). 
  11. ^ Chinquapin Oak – a NICE! good looking shade tree. The Boerne Chapter of NPSOT (Native Plant Society of Texas). [2021-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-25). 
  12. ^ Sander, Ivan L. (1990). "Quercus muehlenbergii"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Silvics of North America.华盛顿哥伦比亚特区:美国国家森林局(USFS),美国农业部(USDA). 2 – via Southern Research Station (www.srs.fs.fed.us)页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
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北美黄橡
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