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胜利冲昏头脑

《胜利冲昏头脑》[1] (俄语:Головокруже́ние от успе́хов. К вопро́сам колхо́зного движе́ния罗马化Golovokruzhéniye ot uspékhov. K voprósam kolkhóznogo dvizhéniya) 是约瑟夫·斯大林于1930年3月2日发表于《真理报》上的文章。在这篇文章中,斯大林提出,苏联的农业集体化被过分的狂热超额执行,使浮夸风弥漫在党员和民众之间,产生了不良的后果。

背景和后续

斯大林掌权后,苏联开始了急进的农业集体化、工业化和去富农化。1927年12月,斯大林又提出“消灭富农”的口号,命令没收富农的财产并将他们放逐,不准他们加入集体公社。由于对“富农”概念缺乏准确界限,集体化开始时国内“富农”占农户总数不到3%,而最后被剥夺的农户却达到农户总数的6%-8%,部分中农和贫农也被当作富农剥夺。1929年11月苏共中央全会通过决议开始全盘集体化,从此集体农庄的规模以惊人的速度增长(两个月内集体农庄的比例从15%增长到59.3%),大多数农民并非自愿,仅仅出于步富农后尘的担忧和恐惧才加入农业合作社。入社前,他们大量宰杀牲畜、烧毁谷物。

此篇文章的发表引发了大规模退社的浪潮[2]。1930年6月,集体农庄比例已由60%降到23.4%,斯大林不得不在6月召开的苏共第十六次代表大会上再次改变态度,赞扬全盘集体化的成就并批评反对者是“和共产主义的敌人勾结在一起的人”,又一次掀起集体化运动的高潮。到1933年底未加入集体农庄的农户仅占0.2%,至此全盘集体化的目标基本实现[3]

参考资料

  1. ^ Stalin, Joseph. Dizzy with Success: Concerning Questions of the Collective-Farm Movement. www.marxists.org. [15 October 2016]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-26). 
  2. ^ 华特·G·莫斯《俄国史》第二部分:斯大林、右翼反对派、第一个五年计划、集体化 ISBN 978-7-80700-167-6
  3. ^ 沈志华《新经济政策与苏联农业社会化道路》 ISBN 978-7-5004-1611-1
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胜利冲昏头脑
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