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助乡.
助乡是日本江户时期的一种劳役制度。德川幕府为了维持各街道宿场的正常运作,向宿场附近的村落召集人手和马匹充当徭役。这些提供徭役村子被称为助乡村。
街道创设后的初期,幕府只不过临时招募人马为宿场提供服务,然而随着社会逐渐安定以及大名的参勤交代街道的交通量变的很大,临时招募已经无法满足需要,于是形成了助乡制度。
助乡还被细分为“定助乡”,“代助乡”,“宿付助乡”,“増助乡”,“加助乡”,“当分助乡”。起初助乡村局限于宿场周围的村子,随着交通量扩大助乡的范围也逐渐扩展到方圆10里。
轮到担任助乡的时候必须从早做到晚,离开宿场较远的被征农民不得不提早一天到达。同时只能得到微薄的酬劳。村子如果无法提供人马可通过缴纳税金代替。最终以缴纳税金代替劳役变成极为普遍的方法。有人由于无法负担而卖身或自暴自弃。宿场有时候还非法征用无家可归的人。
这种制度在明治5年(1872年)被废除。
- 大久保治男,茂野隆晴 ‘日本法制史(第7版)’ 高文堂出版社,1997年,212-213页。
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