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刺胞动物门

刺胞动物门
化石时期:580–0 Ma
埃迪卡拉纪–现今
刺胞动物四例:
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
亚界: 真后生动物亚界 Eumetazoa
演化支 副同源异形基因动物 ParaHoxozoa
门: 刺胞动物门 Cnidaria
Hatschek, 1888
亚门[4]

刺胞动物门学名Cnidaria)又名刺丝胞动物门,泛称刺胞类,是真后生动物亚界下的一个,有约1.6万个物种[5],包括水母水螅珊瑚海葵等动物,皆生活于水中(包括淡、海水或其他咸水栖境)。

刺胞动物曾经和栉水母一起组成腔肠动物门,但随着对这两种动物的差异的认识,愈来愈多学者同意应该将栉水母从刺胞动物独立出来。

近期的系统发生学分析支持刺胞动物是一个单系群,而且与两侧对称动物姐妹群关系[6]。在大约5.8亿年前形成的岩石中发现了刺胞动物的化石,其他化石表明珊瑚可能在4.9亿年前左右才出现,并在几百万年后出现多样化。然而,线粒体基因的分子钟分析表明,冠群的年龄要大得多,估计大约有7.41亿年前,在寒武纪以至任何化石出现的时期还要早2亿年[7]

刺丝胞动物有如下特点:

  • 大部分为肉食性,少部分种类获得能量来自于体内共生生物光合作用得来的。
  • 其躯干呈辐射对称,水生,大多固着生活
  • 体壁由两层细胞组成,表皮表皮,两者之间有一层凝胶状的中胶层,起支持作用。
  • 有肠腔,有一围口部(Peristom),既是口也是肛门
  • 有超过20种的刺丝胞英语Cnidocyte,刺丝胞中含有刺丝囊。刺丝囊一端的鬃样突起的刺针,受刺激时,激起刺丝囊排空。刺丝胞的表面有突出,胞体内有棍状结构。刺胞内有高尔机体分泌物质,在压力作用下会释放。
  • 在肠腔中进行胞外消化
  • 弥散的神经系统,呈网状,称神经网(nerve net)
  • 水母体有感觉器官,能感受重力
  • 雌雄同体或异体

注释

  1. ^ 新分出,原钵水母纲立方水母目(Cubomedusae)[2]
  2. ^ 新分出,原钵水母纲十字水母目(Stauromedusae)[2]

参考文献

  1. ^ Subphylum Medusozoa. ITIS. [2018-03-18]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Maruques & Collins (2004)
  3. ^ Collins, A.G. Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the Evolution of Cnidarian Life Cycles. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2002-05, 15 (3): 418–432. S2CID 11108911. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x可免费查阅. 
  4. ^ Subphyla Anthozoa and Medusozoa based on The Taxonomicon – Taxon: Phylum Cnidaria. Universal Taxonomic Services. [2007-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2007-09-29). 
  5. ^ Zhang, Zhi-Qiang. Animal biodiversity: An update of classification and diversity in 2013. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa. 2013-08-30, 3703 (1): 5 [2020-04-11]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.3. (原始内容存档于2019-04-24). 
  6. ^ Zapata F, Goetz FE, Smith SA, Howison M, Siebert S, Church SH, et al. Phylogenomic Analyses Support Traditional Relationships within Cnidaria.. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (10): e0139068. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1039068Z. PMC 4605497可免费查阅. PMID 26465609. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139068. 
  7. ^ Park E, Hwang D, Lee J, Song J, Seo T, Won Y. Estimation of divergence times in cnidarian evolution based on mitochondrial protein-coding genes and the fossil record.. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 2012-01, 62 (1): 329–45. PMID 22040765. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.008. 

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刺胞动物门
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