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刺歌雀

刺歌雀
化石时期:更新世至现今
雄性刺歌雀
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 鸟纲 Aves
目: 雀形目 Passeriformes
科: 拟鹂科 Icteridae
属: 刺歌雀属 Dolichonyx
Swainson, 1827
种:
刺歌雀 D. oryzivorus
二名法
Dolichonyx oryzivorus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
分布范围
  夏季
  冬季
异名
  • Fringilla oryzivora Linnaeus, 1758
  • Emberiza oryzivora Linnaeus, 1766

刺歌雀Dolichonyx oryzivorus)是拟黄鹂科刺歌雀属下唯一一种的雀鸟,俗名为米鸟(rice bird)、波波林克(bobolink)和夜盗蛾鸟(见下文),称为前者该俗名的原因是因为牠在冬季迁徙时时主要以种植的谷物为食,后者则是因为牠的叫声。成年的刺歌雀体长16—18 cm(6.3—7.1英寸),重约1 oz(28 g) 。成年雄性大多刺歌雀大多为黑色。成年雌性大多为浅棕色。刺歌雀夏季时在北美美国北部)繁殖,冬季飞往南美洲南部(巴拉圭阿根廷玻利维亚)越冬。[2][3]由于农业集约化和栖息地破坏等因素,刺歌雀的数量正在迅速下降著;在加拿大已被列为受威胁物种,并且整个分布范围内都处于危险中。

词源

属名Dolichonyx源自于古希腊语两个词,dolikhos的“较长”和onux的“爪子”。种名oryzivorus源自于拉丁语 oryza的“米”和vorare的“吞食”,其俗名米鸟符合了牠的种名,[4]波波林克则是出自牠的叫声“啵啵—欧—林肯”之拟声。[5]

特征

标准尺寸[6][7]
长度 5.9—8.3英寸(15—21 cm)
重量 1.0—2.0 oz(28—57 g)
翼展 10.6英寸(27 cm)
嘴锋 8.7—9.8 mm(0.34—0.39英寸)

成鸟约16—18 cm(6.3—7.1英寸) 长,长如短小雀鸟的鸟喙长约28 g(1 oz)。雄性成鸟外观上大多为黑色,颈背为奶油色、肩部、下背部、臀部为白色。雌性成鸟多为浅褐色,身体后面和胁腹有黑色条纹、头部有深色条纹,翅膀和尾巴的颜色更深。

生态及行为

繁殖

牠们的繁殖栖息地位于北美的开阔草原,尤其喜居干草地。在质地好的草地,雄性通常是一夫多妻制,雌性会在杯形鸟巢里产5–6颗蛋,并常常在茂密的植被中筑巢以达隐藏的效果,父母双方都会照料幼鸟。

食性

刺歌雀通常会在地面上觅食,主要吃种子和昆虫。[8] 包括一点粘虫(Mythimna unipuncta草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda),因大量捕食夜盗蛾而又有“夜盗蛾鸟”的俗名,[9] 这使牠们很适合用于天然害虫防治。[8] 事实上在佛罗里达州刺歌雀最常以草地贪夜蛾为食,一点粘虫就不是[9]

叫声

雄性的叫声清脆响亮,飞行时会有发泡声。

图辑

参考文献

  1. ^ BirdLife International. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016, 2016: e.T22724367A94863313 [12 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22724367A94863313.en可免费查阅. 
  2. ^ Bobolink. 牛津英语词典 (第三版). 牛津大学出版社. 2005-09 (英语). 
  3. ^ Jobling, James A. The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. 2010: 138, 285. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. 
  4. ^ Jobling, James A. The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. 2010: 138, 285. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. 
  5. ^ Bobolink. 牛津英语词典 (第三版). 牛津大学出版社. 2005-09 (英语). 
  6. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为BOC的参考文献提供内容
  7. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为Sibley的参考文献提供内容
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Capinera, John. Handbook of Vegetable Pests 2. London, UK; San Diego, Ca, US: Academic Press. 2020: xv+799. ISBN 978-0-12-814488-6. OCLC 1152284558. ISBN 9780128144893. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Capinera, John L. armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). University of Florida Entomology Department. December 2018. (原始内容存档于2017-12-13). 
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刺歌雀
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