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制高点

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制高点军事用语,指地形或环境上的某一部分比周围高而有利于战术的施展,例如山顶、塔楼天台等。

从高打低的好处有:己方人员投射武器或弹药(矛、石头、子弹等)可以投得比较远;指挥员站得高看得远、视野宽,方便战术调动;对方人员或车辆行动费力而不方便。

历史战例

很陡的、多岩石的地形,例如山麓,可以阻挡对方的骑兵、战象、坦克或装甲运兵车。例如在苏联-阿富汗战争里,阿富汗游击队占据山区,就不容易受到苏联机动化部队的攻击。这迫使苏联部队得倚靠直升机从空中攻击,但直升机会成为美国提供的FIM-92刺针地对空导弹目标。在高地势和地对空导弹的保护下,阿富汗游击队不易覆没。另一个例子是1423年在波希米亚霍里兹战役英语Battle of Hořice塔博尔派士兵抢占高地,逼圣杯派骑兵下马和他们打,也减弱他们的火炮。塔博尔派兵最后一冲下山歼灭了圣杯派余部。

但是高地不一定绝对有利。中国的三国时代,街亭一战,蜀军占领山顶,却反被魏军在山下面包围。魏军切断了他们的供水和援军,最后导致蜀军大败,而北伐首役也就到此为止。

参见

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制高点
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