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利什曼病

利什曼病
一名手背上患有皮肤利什曼病的中美洲成年人。
症状溃疡口腔溃疡发热脾肿大[*]贫血肝肿大
类型原虫传染媒介传播疾病[*]疾病
病因利什曼原虫属Leishmania donovani[*]Leishmania infantum[*]Leishmania braziliensis[*]Leishmania mexicana[*]Leishmania major[*]热带利什曼原虫[*]
风险因素营养不良人口迁徙免疫抑制森林开伐城镇化
诊断方法体格检查酶联免疫吸附试验聚合酶链式反应血液学吉姆萨染液
分类和外部资源
医学专科传染病科
ICD-111F54
ICD-10B55
ICD-9-CM085
DiseasesDB3266
MedlinePlus001386
eMedicineemerg/296
MeSHD007896
[编辑此条目的维基数据]
每万人中利什曼病患者人数,世界卫生组织2002年数据
  无数据
  少于 20
  20-30
  30-40
  40-50
  50-60
  60-70
  70-80
  80-100
  100-120
  120-150
  150-200
  大于 200

利什曼病(英语:Leishmaniasis)是一种由寄生原生动物利什曼原虫造成的疾病,是由特定种类的白蛉叮咬所散播[1]。这种疾病主要分为三种:皮肤、黏膜及内脏的利什曼疾病[1]。皮肤利什曼病会有皮肤上的溃疡、黏膜利什曼病会有皮肤、鼻子上的溃疡、内脏利什曼病一开始会是皮肤上的溃疡,后来会有发烧红血球数量减少,以及脾脏肝脏的肿大。内脏利什曼病又被称为黑热病

此病的名称来自在1901年首次分离出病原体的英国军医威廉·布格·利什曼(William Boog Leishman),但正确认定其病原体为一种新型寄生虫的人是罗纳德·罗斯

会传染利什曼病给人类的白蛉超过20种[1]。利什曼病的危险因子有贫穷营养不良森林开伐都市化[1]。三种利什曼病都可以在显微镜下观察病原虫来诊断,内脏利什曼病也可以用血液检查来诊断[2]

若睡在涂有杀虫剂的蚊帐内,可以降低沙利曼病发生的可能性[1]。其他的方式包括喷洒杀虫剂消灭白蛉,以及及早治疗沙利曼病的病患,避免进一步的感染[1]。治疗方式和罹患此疾病时所在的地区、沙利曼病的种类以及感染的方式有关[1]。可治疗内脏利什曼病的药物有:两性霉素B[3]五价锑英语Pentavalent antimonial巴龙霉素一起使用[3]、以及米替福新英语Miltefosine[4]。若是皮肤利什曼疾病,可以用巴龙霉素、氟康唑喷他脒英语Pentamidine治疗[5]

目前世界上有98个国家有利什曼病[2],感染人数约有1,200万人[6]。每年约有200万个新的病例[2],每年死亡人数约为2-5万人[1][7]。在亚洲、非洲、中南美洲及南欧,约有2亿人住在容易罹患利什曼病的地区[2][8]。 有研究指出,未适当处理的尸体亦有传播此疾病之虞[来源请求]。库尔德红新月会指控,伊斯兰国在叙利亚内战期间随意在街上处决无辜者、而且没有埋葬,导致了此疾这病在叙利亚的传播[9]

世界卫生组织可以用优惠价取得一些可治疗此疾病的药物[2]。利什曼疾病也会出现在其他动物上,包括狗和鼠[1]

生活史

[编辑]
利什曼原虫生活史
巨噬细胞中的利什曼原虫(显微镜照片)

利什曼原虫的生活史有前鞭毛体(promastigote) 及无鞭毛体(amastigote)时期,依图顺序的生活史说明如下:

  1. 带有前鞭毛体利什曼原虫的雌性白蛉叮咬人类后,利什曼原虫进入人体
  2. 在人体中,被巨噬细胞吞噬
  3. 在巨噬细胞中,前鞭毛体转型为无鞭毛体
  4. 无鞭毛体在巨噬细胞和其他组织细胞(颗粒球、吞噬细胞)中增生
  5. 白蛉叮咬带有病原的人类时,摄入被寄生的细胞
  6. 细胞中的无鞭毛体进入白蛉的中肠
  7. 在中肠,由无鞭毛体发育为前鞭毛体,并转移至白蛉的咽头发育成感染型,侵入口吻的尖端

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Leishmaniasis Fact sheet N°375. World Health Organization. January 2014 [17 February 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-07). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Barrett, MP; Croft, SL. Management of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.. British medical bulletin. 2012, 104: 175–96. PMC 3530408可免费查阅. PMID 23137768. doi:10.1093/bmb/lds031. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Sundar, S; Chakravarty, J. Leishmaniasis: an update of current pharmacotherapy.. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. Jan 2013, 14 (1): 53–63. PMID 23256501. doi:10.1517/14656566.2013.755515. 
  4. ^ Dorlo, TP; Balasegaram, M; Beijnen, JH; de Vries, PJ. Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis.. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. Nov 2012, 67 (11): 2576–97. PMID 22833634. doi:10.1093/jac/dks275. 
  5. ^ Minodier, P; Parola, P. Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.. Travel medicine and infectious disease. May 2007, 5 (3): 150–8. PMID 17448941. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.09.004. 
  6. ^ Leishmaniasis Magnitude of the problem. World Health Organization. [17 February 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-07). 
  7. ^ Lozano, R. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.. Lancet. Dec 15, 2012, 380 (9859): 2095–128. PMID 23245604. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. 
  8. ^ Ejazi, SA; Ali, N. Developments in diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis during the last decade and future prospects.. Expert review of anti-infective therapy. Jan 2013, 11 (1): 79–98. PMID 23428104. doi:10.1586/eri.12.148. 
  9. ^ Michele Katz. ISIS to blame for spreading ‘flesh eating bug’ across Syria. 2015-12-05 [2015-12-06]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-31) (英语). 

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利什曼病
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