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巴力西卜

天路历程》中的巴力西卜

巴力西卜(Beelzebub 或 Beel-Zebub),又译为别西卜、巴尔札布,天主教译为贝耳则步,意思为“苍蝇王”,非利士人的神,新约圣经中称别西卜为“魔王”,后人认为其对应圣经七大罪的暴食。恶魔学里认为他是地狱的最高统帅,约翰·弥尔顿将其描绘成似外貌威严的智者,是最强大的堕天使

语源

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“Beelzebub”一词来自《列王纪下》(

),希伯来圣经原文作“Ba'al Zəbûb”,是非利士人崇拜的神。

一般的说法是“Ba'al Zəbûb”直译即“苍蝇王”[1][2][3][4][5],这可能与非利士人崇拜苍蝇的习俗有关[6]。乌加里特人也认为别西卜(乌加里特语:Baal)会驱使苍蝇、使人得病[6]

“Beelzebul”一词则来自《所罗门之约》,这里它作为魔王(Prince of Demons)和原天使统领出现。这可能是路西法的另一种称呼。[7]

此外,别西卜还也见于圣经的其他章节中,如《马太福音》第十二章25~28《路加福音》第十一章17~20:

文学中的形象

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在《失乐园》中记载,别西卜堕落前,是一位纯善的天使,并且还是在天使中等级最高的六翼炽天使,它不光拥有高贵无暇的六翼,还直接服侍于上帝,属于炽天使圣歌队的一员。但是却在接触指引人类的过程中,悄然发生了转变,不知道是因为发现了秘密还是感受到了人类的不合理之处,别西卜竟变得失去了理智,开始质疑起上帝的旨意和人类存在的意义,而当路西法率领着天国三分之一的天使反叛时,身为智者的别西卜,明明知道上帝不可战胜,却仍然参加了这种必败无疑的战争,并且当路西法败下阵时,别西卜便第一个带领着其他的堕天使们举剑而上,拉开了战争的帷幕。而也正因为如此,在堕天使们被战败时,别西卜的下场便极为惨烈,它不仅被上帝活生生撕扯下了一对羽翼,变为了四翼,还被从天国之中抛下,与路西法一同,在混沌之中坠落了九个昏晨,才落到了地狱深处,就连原本洁白无瑕的羽翼,也被地狱的火焰和浓烟,熏染的漆黑丑陋。别西卜堕落后,成为了撒旦级中的魔王,并在七宗罪中代表暴食,同时在地狱中拥有统领众鬼的权力,所以被称为鬼王,而苍蝇王的形态亦是很有名的。

科兰·戴·布兰西在‘地狱辞典’第6版插画描述的巴力西卜(1863年,巴黎)

蝇王

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蝇王》(英语:Lord of the Flies)是威廉·戈尔丁发表于1954年的寓言长篇小说。书名暗指这种“恶魔”存在于每个人的内心当中。书中赛门也曾指出孩子们所害怕的“怪兽”其实就藏在孩子们内心当中。 戈尔丁以此命名是为了兽性战胜人性的道德主题 ; 故事中的孩子害怕莫须有的怪物, 但其实怪物就在人心, 是人把乐园变成了屠场。[8]内容讲述了一群被困在荒岛上的儿童在完全没有成人的引导下如何建立起一个脆弱的文明体系。最终由于人类内心的黑暗面导致这个文明体系无可避免地被野蛮与暴力所代替。主题是备受争议的人性、个体权益与集体利益的冲突,是当代英文小说中的经典。威廉·戈尔丁也为此获得1983年诺贝尔文学奖

次文化

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参考文献

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  1. ^ Herrmann. Toorn, K. v. d.; Becking, B.; Horst, P. W. v. d. , 编. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible 2nd extensively rev. (154). Leiden; Boston MA; Grand Rapids, MI: Brill; Eerdmans. 1999. For etymological reasons, Baal Zebub must be considered a Semitic god; he is taken over by the Philistine Ekronites and incorporated into their local cult.  |article=被忽略 (帮助)
  2. ^ Arndt, W.; Danker, F. W.; Bauer, W. A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature 3rd (173). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 2000. Βεελζεβούλ, ὁ indecl. (v.l. Βεελζεβούβ and Βεεζεβούλ W-S. §5, 31, cp. 27 n. 56) Beelzebul, orig. a Philistine deity; the name בַּעַל זְבוּב means Baal (lord) of those who are capable of flying (4 Km 1:2, 6; Sym. transcribes βεελζεβούβ; Vulgate Beelzebub; TestSol freq. Βεελζεβούλ,-βουέλ).  |article=被忽略 (帮助)
  3. ^ Balz, H. R.; Schneider, G. Exegetical dictionary of the New Testament 1 (211). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. 1990. 1. According to 2 Kgs 1:2–6 the name of the Philistine god of Ekron was Lord of the Flies (Heb. ba'al zeaûḇ), from whom Israel's King Ahaziah requested an oracle. 
  4. ^ Lewis. Freedman, D. N. , 编. The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary 1 (639). New York, NY: Doubleday. 1996. The etymology of Beelzebul has proceeded in several directions. The variant reading Beelzebub (Syriac translators and Jerome) reflects a long-standing tradition of equating Beelzebul with the Philistine deity of the city of Ekron mentioned in 2 Kgs 1:2, 3, 6, 16. Baalzebub (Heb ba˓al zĕbûb) seems to mean "lord of flies" (HALAT, 250, but cf. LXXB baal muian theon akkarōn, "Baal-Fly, god of Akkaron"; Ant 9:2, 1 theon muian).  |article=被忽略 (帮助)
  5. ^ Herrmann. Toorn, K. v. d.; Becking, B.; Horst, P. W. v. d. , 编. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible 2nd extensively rev. (154). Leiden; Boston, MA; Grand Rapids, MI: Brill; Eerdmans. 1999. On the basis zebub, 'flies', the name of the god was interpreted as 'Lord of the flies'; it was assumed that he was a god who could cause or cure diseases.  |article=被忽略 (帮助)
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Freedman, David Noel. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. 2000: 137. ISBN 9780802824004. 
  7. ^ . 由F. C. Conybeare翻译. The Testament of Solomon. Jewish Quarterly Review (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The University of Pennsylvania Press). October 1898, 11 (1) [July 17, 2018]. (原始内容存档于2019-02-21). 
  8. ^ Golding, William. 蒼蠅王. 台北: 高宝国际. 2011: 封底. ISBN 9789861856094. 

外部连接

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巴力西卜
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