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配分函数

配分函数(英语:Partition function)是一个平衡态统计物理学中经常应用到的概念,经由计算配分函数可以将微观物理状态与宏观物理量相互联系起来。配分函数是生成函数,它可以生成许多物理学的宏观量,例如体系的内能,熵,焓,自由能等。配分函数通常意指正则系综中的配分函数,而其他的系综,亦有其相对应的配分函数,如巨正则系综对应巨配分函数。

  • 微正则系综
  • 正则系综
  • 巨正则系综

正则系综的(固定温度体系的)配分函数的定义是:

其中为能级的简并度。求和对系统所有能级进行;玻尔兹曼常数;T为体系的绝对温度

不难看出配分函数实际是体系所有粒子在各个能级依最可几分布排布时候对体系状态的一个描述,由配分函数可以方便地求出体系的内能自由能等等热力学量,内能的表达式:

自由能的表达式:

可以从以上线性组合得到:

如果体系的能量中包含类似 的一项,其中广义力 是微观态的一个函数,则是一个参数,那么广义力的平均值为:

作为一种特别情况,压强的表达式是:

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配分函数
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