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准母

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准母,是在天皇的生母死后,指定其他女性成为天皇的母亲。和养母不同的是,准母通常不太需要对天皇尽养育之责,更有些天皇在指定准母时早已成人,因为准母只是在宫中例行仪式上所需的一个象征。

沿革

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平安时代堀河天皇即位时只有八岁,而生母藤原贤子早已过世,因此在宽治元年(1087年)由天皇的同母姐媞子内亲王成为堀河天皇准母。往后,在生母逝世后才即位的天皇,一般都有册立准母的习惯。

一开始,准母的选定是为了在例行仪式上所需的一个象征,但之后演变为一种对于女性皇族的荣衔(近似于尊称皇后)。一般准母的人选,是从先帝的嫡妻,或是天皇姑母、叔母、同父的未婚内亲王等女性皇族中选出。但在平安时代末期后,因为皇室权威的低落,使得有非皇族出身女性却成为准母的情形出现,如:

准母和国母女院尊称皇后准后等封号一般,在明治维新后全数废止。

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准母
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