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六家七宗

六家七宗中国东晋时期佛教般若学传入中国之后与当时盛行的玄学相结合所产生的不同哲学宗教学术流派以及他们的思想

东晋时的僧叡最早提出“六家”之说,他的《喻疑》在回顾佛教传入以后讲说,“昔汉室中兴,孝明之世,……当是像法之初。自尔以来,西域名人,安侯之徒,相继而至。大化文言渐得渊照边俗,陶其鄙俗。汉末魏初,广陵、彭城二相出家,并能任持大照,寻味之贤,始有讲次。而恢之以格义,迂之以配说。”

刘宋昙济最早提出了六家分为七宗的说法。昙济的《六家七宗论》久佚,惟梁代宝唱法师的《续法论》中曾引用。“六家”之说已经无从考证,而“七宗”一般指本无宗、本无异宗、即色宗、心无义、含识宗、幻化宗、以及缘会宗[1],其代表人物分别是道安的“本无宗”,竺法深和竺法汰的“本无异宗”,支遁的色宗,支愍度、竺法蕴和道恒的“心无义”,于法开的“含识宗”,道壹的“幻化宗”,于道邃的“缘会宗”等[2]

“六家七宗”中最有影响的,正是以道安为首的本无学派。吉藏《中观论疏》记道安的本无义为:“无在万化之前,空为众形之始。夫人之所滞,滞在未(末)有,若诧(宅)心本无,则异想便息。……详此意,安公明本无者,一切诸法,本性空寂,故云本无。”

六家七宗之说实乃般若经初传中土,限于对印度文化理解的方式,中国的佛教徒结合老庄思想,对般若部诸经所讲的“空”义产生不同理解。僧肇深感六家七宗对“有无”的理解有悖于佛教的中观思想,作《肇论》以批判六家七宗中的本无、即色和心无三家[3]汤用彤认为六家七宗就其基本观点,可分为三家。《肇论》破三家,正是对六家七宗主要观点的全面批判[4]

注释

  1. ^ 元康的《肇论疏》引昙济《六家七宗论》说:“论有六家,分成七宗。第一本无宗,第二本无异宗,第三即色宗,第四识含宗,第五幻化宗,第六心无宗,第七缘会宗。本有六家,第一家分为二宗,故成七宗也。”
  2. ^ 蔡日新,《东晋时期般若学研习的六家七宗》,存档副本. [2006-04-20]. (原始内容存档于2004-10-22). 
  3. ^ 吉藏《中论疏·因缘品》言:“什公未至长安,本有三家义”。《隆兴佛教编年通论》卷五说:“时京邑诸师,立二谛义,有三宗,宗宗不同”,此“三宗”之中前二宗全为成实师所立。
  4. ^ 汤用彤:《汉魏两晋南北朝佛教史》

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六家七宗
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