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内阁学士.
内阁学士(满语:ᠠᠰᡥᠠᠨ
ᡩᠠ,转写:ashan da),中国在清朝创设的中央政府官职。清中期定制后职缺十人,满缺六人、汉缺四人,从二品,例兼礼部侍郎衔,掌敷奏、用玺。
历史沿革
清朝入关前的清太宗崇德元年(1636年)五月,定内三院官制,设置内三院学士五人,内国史院及内弘文院各二人、内秘书院一人,作为内三院大学士的辅官。顺治六年(1649年)增设学士于内三院各一人。顺治十五年(1658年)七月,参照明制将内三院改设内阁,仍设内阁学士为内阁大学士之辅官。雍正八年(1730年),定内阁学士品秩为从二品,例兼礼部侍郎衔,员额为满缺六人、汉缺四人,共十人。
满内阁学士职掌为敷奏本章、请用御宝。御门听政时进呈“折本”,朝审、秋审时进呈“勾到本”,均由满内阁学士捧至皇帝御前宣奏。请用御宝时与汉内阁学士共同轮值,赴乾清宫请宝。汉内阁学士掌管“批本”、请用御宝。内阁票拟之题奏本章经皇帝御览后发下,由内阁批本处依照钦定票签以红笔批写满文票旨于本面,汉内阁学士再依钦定汉文票签批写汉文票旨于本面。请用御宝时与满内阁学士共同轮值,赴乾清宫请宝。内阁开馆修书时,常以内阁学士兼充副总裁、总纂官等职位。
满缺内阁学士遇有缺额,由詹事府詹事、太常寺卿、奉天府府尹、光禄寺卿、太仆寺卿、通政司副使、大理寺少卿、詹事府少詹事、太常寺少卿、鸿胪寺卿、太仆寺少卿升任。汉缺内阁学士遇有缺额,由詹事府詹事、少詹事、翰林院侍读学士、侍讲学士、国子监祭酒升任,例限以翰林出身的官员补授。内阁学士亦为六部右侍郎及理藩院右侍郎、盛京五部侍郎升转的重要历阶。
参考文献
- 光绪朝《钦定大清会典事例》卷十七·吏部·满洲蒙古汉军官员品级。卷十八·吏部·汉官品级。卷十九·吏部·官制·内阁
- 朱金甫、张书才等编:《清代典章制度辞典》(北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年),页90,“内阁”条、“内三院”条,页93,“内阁学士”条。
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