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内侍司.
内侍司又称作尚侍所,乃是古代日本在律令官制辖下的后宫十二司之一,由女官、女房构成。
职掌
内侍司的职责主要是在天皇身边,担任奏请、传宣(内侍宣)或替天皇捧剑玺等工作,同时在宫中有典礼节庆时担任引导,近似于天皇的秘书。由于此职位相当重要,因此于内侍司供职者,须对于学问、礼仪等有一定程度。此外,供奉于京都御所温明殿(内侍所)的三神器之一八咫镜,也是由内侍司负责掌管。
地位
内侍司的地位在律令制的规定下,因职掌内容而越显重要。平城天皇大同二年(807年),其所宠的藤原药子担任尚侍一职,平城天皇为此将尚侍曾原本的从五位升级为从三位,造成日后药子之乱的远因。
平安时代中期以后,改革后宫十二司的组织,内侍司吸收其于十一司的职能,成为唯一专职后宫的官职。其中内侍司长官尚侍、次官典侍甚至成为天皇的妃嫔,此后内侍司长官便改由三官掌侍取代。
结构
- 尚侍:内侍司长官,定员二名,官位相当为从五位或从三位。尚侍多由摄关家之女担任。原本,奏请、传宣的职务只能由尚侍担任,典侍则无资格,但平安时代中期后,尚侍成为天皇的妃嫔,因尚侍的职务改由典侍担任。镰仓时代开始,不再任命尚侍。
- 典侍:内侍司次官,定员四名,官位相当于从六位或从四位。典侍多由以大纳言、中纳言为主的公卿之女担任。
- 掌侍:内侍司三次官,定员正官四名、副官二名,官位相当约从七位或从五位。现在所说的内侍,通常是指掌侍。天皇迁都时,三神器亦要相随,其中的天丛云剑是由掌侍负责随奉。尚侍、典侍侍妾化后,掌侍成为内侍司实际上的最高长官,并改称勾当内侍,官阶也提升到从二位或从三位。奏请、传宣一职亦改由勾当内侍担任。
- 女孺:内侍司下级女官,定员百名,负责一般雑务。
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