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光致蒸发

光致蒸发表示的是高能辐射电离气体,并将其趋散电离源的过程。常在天文物理中,用来形容炙热恒星紫外线电磁辐射对于不同云气(像是分子云原行星盘或行星大气层等)的作用[1][2][3]

分子云

鹰星云的柱状体(创生之柱)正在被光致蒸发中。

在天文物理学中,光致蒸发最明显的例子之一为,处于分子云内的发光恒星对其结构的侵蚀[4]

行星大气层

一颗行星大气层(或部分的大气)可以因为高能量光子或其它的电磁辐射而被剥离。如果一个光子与大气层的分子相互作用,分子会加速且温度上升。如果提供了足够的能量,分子或原子可能达到该行星的逃逸速度,就会“蒸发”进入太空。质量数越低的气体,与光子相互作用得到的速度越高,因此是最容易出现光致蒸发的气体。

原行星盘

由于存在O型恒星的附近,一个原恒星盘发生光致蒸发。

原行星盘可因入射的电磁辐射加热,而被恒星风趋散,辐射与物质作用使其朝外加速。这种效果只有在有足够的辐射强度时才会显著,像是来自附近的O型和B型恒星,或是在中心的原恒星核心开始核聚变时。

盘面是由气体和尘埃组成的,主成分通常是轻元素(例如)的气体,会受到较大的影响,从而增加尘埃和气体的比例。

中央恒星的辐射会激发吸积盘中的粒子。辐射照度会影响盘面的稳定半径尺度,称为引力半径()。在引力半径之外,粒子会受到足够的激发而摆脱行星的引力并蒸发。在106 – 107年后,处的黏滞吸积率会低于光致蒸发率。 ,缝隙将在处产生,内盘会被吸进中心的恒星,或是蔓延过而蒸发。内部的孔延伸至。一旦内部的孔洞形成,外部的盘面很就会被清除。

盘面引力半径的计算公式是[5]

此处是比热的比率(对单原子气体是 5/3),是宇宙的万有引力常数是中心恒星的质量, 是太阳的质量,是气体的平均重量, 波兹曼常数 是气体的温度,还有AU是天文单位

由于这种效应,存在于恒星形成区的大质量恒星被认为对环绕着初期恒星体周围盘面行星的形成有很大的影响,尽管还不清楚这种效应是加速还是减速。

参考资料

  1. ^ Mellema, G.; Raga, A. C.; Canto, J.; Lundqvist, P.; Balick, B.; Steffen, W.; Noriega-Crespo, A. Photo-evaporation of clumps in planetary nebulae. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1998, 331: 335. Bibcode:1998A&A...331..335M. arXiv:astro-ph/9710205可免费查阅. 
  2. ^ Owen, James E.; Ercolano, Barbara; Clarke, Cathie J. Protoplanetary disc evolution and dispersal: The implications of X-ray photoevaporation. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2011, 412: 13. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.412...13O. arXiv:1010.0826可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17818.x. 
  3. ^ Wu, Yanqin; Lithwick, Yoram. Density and Eccentricity of Kepler Planets. The Astrophysical Journal. 2013, 772: 74. Bibcode:2013ApJ...772...74W. arXiv:1210.7810可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/772/1/74. 
  4. ^ Hester, J. J.; Scowen, P. A.; Sankrit, R.; Lauer, T. R.; Ajhar, E. A.; Baum, W. A.; Code, A.; Currie, D. G.; Danielson, G. E.; Ewald, S. P.; Faber, S. M.; Grillmair, C. J.; Groth, E. J.; Holtzman, J. A.; Hunter, D. A.; Kristian, J.; Light, R. M.; Lynds, C. R.; Monet, D. G.; O'Neil, E. J.; Shaya, E. J.; Seidelmann, P. K.; Westphal, J. A. Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 Imaging of M16: Photoevaporation and Emerging Young Stellar Objects. Astronomical Journal. 1996, 111: 2349. Bibcode:1996AJ....111.2349H. doi:10.1086/117968. 
  5. ^ Liffman, Kurt. The Gravitational Radius of an Irradiated Disk. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 2003, 20 (4): 337. Bibcode:2003PASA...20..337L. doi:10.1071/AS03019. 
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光致蒸发
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