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元音松紧对立.
元音松紧对立是指紧喉元音和松喉元音的对立,是中国西南部及东南亚部分藏缅语中的一种语音现象。在大多数语言中,元音的松紧并不构成音位对立,所以长期被语言学家们所忽视。紧喉音一开始是由马学良在1940年代调查云南路南彝语时开始注意到的,后来得到了李方桂的认同。
松喉元音
松喉元音,日本的语言学家称之为弛喉元音,亦即我们日常语言发音的元音。
紧喉元音
紧喉元音,亦作紧音、紧元音韵母、咽化元音。听感上相对松喉元音要响亮、清楚和尖锐的元音。发紧喉元音的时候,声门靠里的一段部位稍微收缩,声带绷紧,故发出的声音比较清脆。在汉语中,紧喉元音常常在这些场合产生:
- A对B模仿他跟某人厉声说话的情景
- 戏场里喝彩声“好”
- 通俗唱法男声的某些音质等等
松紧元音的标示
在中国的少数民族语言,普遍会把紧喉元音从一般元音用符号分别出来(例如:在元音后加上[ʁ]字或[ɣ]字);在北美洲的埃雅克语,则会在元音后加上“·”符号来表示之前的是一个紧元音。不过,亦有其他语言(例如:柬埔寨语)采用相反的方式,把松喉元音用分符号来区别。
相关语言
已知存在元音松紧对立的语言有:
- 彝语
- 纳西语
- 傈僳语
- 白语
- 景颇语:1950s的拉丁化方案在元音字母前加v表示;19世纪末的拉丁化方案采用p、t、k、ts、chy来代替紧元音前的b、d、g、z、j声母(吐气清音采用hp、ht表示;景颇语中[p]、[t]无对应浊音)。
- 哈尼语
这些语言都属于藏缅语族。
属于汉语族的西南官话岷赤小片(有争议)
属于尼日尔-刚果语系的多威语(Twi languages)亦有元音松紧对立现象,而且出现了元音和谐规则。
参考文献
- Cooper, Morton. Modern Techniques of Vocal Rehabilitation. Charles C. Thomas. 1973.
- Greene, Margaret; Lesley Mathieson. The Voice and its Disorders. John Wiley & Sons; 6th Edition edition. 2001. ISBN 978-1861561961.
- Large, John. Towards an Integrated Physiologic-Acoustic Theory of Vocal Registers. The NATS Bulletin. February–March 1972, 28: 30–35.
- McKinney, James. The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults. Genovex Music Group. 1994. ISBN 978-1565939400.
- Van den Berg, J.W. Vocal Ligaments versus Registers. The NATS Bulletin. December 1963, 19: 18.
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