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元音松紧对立

元音松紧对立是指紧喉元音松喉元音的对立,是中国西南部东南亚部分藏缅语中的一种语音现象。在大多数语言中,元音的松紧并不构成音位对立,所以长期被语言学家们所忽视。紧喉音一开始是由马学良在1940年代调查云南路南彝语时开始注意到的,后来得到了李方桂的认同。

松喉元音

松喉元音日本的语言学家称之为弛喉元音,亦即我们日常语言发音的元音。

紧喉元音

紧喉元音,亦作紧音紧元音韵母咽化元音。听感上相对松喉元音要响亮、清楚和尖锐的元音。发紧喉元音的时候,声门靠里的一段部位稍微收缩,声带绷紧,故发出的声音比较清脆。在汉语中,紧喉元音常常在这些场合产生:

  • A对B模仿他跟某人厉声说话的情景
  • 戏场里喝彩声“好”
  • 通俗唱法男声的某些音质等等

松紧元音的标示

在中国的少数民族语言,普遍会把紧喉元音从一般元音用符号分别出来(例如:在元音后加上[​ʁ]字或[ɣ]字);在北美洲的埃雅克语,则会在元音后加上“·”符号来表示之前的是一个紧元音。不过,亦有其他语言(例如:柬埔寨语)采用相反的方式,把松喉元音用分符号来区别。

相关语言

已知存在元音松紧对立的语言有:

  • 彝语
  • 纳西语
  • 傈僳语
  • 白语
  • 景颇语:1950s的拉丁化方案在元音字母前加v表示;19世纪末的拉丁化方案采用p、t、k、ts、chy来代替紧元音前的b、d、g、z、j声母(吐气清音采用hp、ht表示;景颇语中[p]、[t]无对应浊音)。
  • 哈尼语

这些语言都属于藏缅语族

属于汉语族的西南官话岷赤小片(有争议)

属于尼日尔-刚果语系多威语(Twi languages)亦有元音松紧对立现象,而且出现了元音和谐规则。

参看

参考文献

  • Cooper, Morton. Modern Techniques of Vocal Rehabilitation. Charles C. Thomas. 1973. 
  • Greene, Margaret; Lesley Mathieson. The Voice and its Disorders. John Wiley & Sons; 6th Edition edition. 2001. ISBN 978-1861561961. 
  • Large, John. Towards an Integrated Physiologic-Acoustic Theory of Vocal Registers. The NATS Bulletin. February–March 1972, 28: 30–35. 
  • McKinney, James. The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults. Genovex Music Group. 1994. ISBN 978-1565939400. 
  • Van den Berg, J.W. Vocal Ligaments versus Registers. The NATS Bulletin. December 1963, 19: 18. 
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元音松紧对立
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