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偏差

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在统计学中，偏差（英语：bias）是指会导致结果与事实之间存在差异的系统性倾向。数据分析的许多过程，包括数据的来源、选择的估计量和分析数据的方式，都可能存在偏差。例如：

  • 有偏采样是对总样本集非平等采样。有偏采样会难以分析或引起不准确甚至错误的推断。
  • 有偏估计则是指高估或低估要估计的量。有偏估计在某些情况下也有一些好的特性，例如较小的方差。

在观察性研究中，包括流行病学，偏差代表研究观察到的结果与真实值有所差距。

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偏差
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