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仁学

仁学》,谭嗣同撰,共2卷。最早由梁启超在日本东京刊行。

1896年底谭嗣同抵南京,开始写《仁学》。《仁学》是一部融合儒、释、道、墨等各家学术的哲学典籍。《仁学》指斥二千年来专制制度为“大盗”,并猛烈抨击三纲五常“钳制天下”,所谓“二千年来之政,秦政也,皆大盗也;二千年来之学,荀学也,皆乡愿也。惟大盗利用乡愿,惟乡愿工媚大盗”[1]

概述

谭嗣同杂糅儒、释、道、墨各家和新传入的西方理论,形成了独特的哲学体系。

他认为世界是由物质的原质所构成,其本体是“仁”,世界的存在和发展都是由于“仁”的作用,故称他的哲学为“仁学”。

“仁”是万物之源,它“以通为第一义”。而“以太”则是沟通世界成为一个整体的桥梁。“以太” 构成万物的本质,充满宇宙之间,自然界和人类社会的—切现象,都是从“以太”派生出来,并成为“以太”的一部分。认为“以太”本身是“不生不灭”的,宇宙间各种事物,只有“变易”,没有“存亡”;只有“聚散”,没有“生灭”。肯定了自然界和人类社会不是静止的、停顿的,而是不断运动、变化和发展的,批判了“天不变,道亦不变”的思想。从变易中论证其改革社会制度的政治理想。

他认为封建“名教”是维护专制主义的精神支柱,从而猛烈抨击三纲五常“钳制天下”,杀人“灵魂”,惨祸烈毒达于极点,号召人们冲决君主、伦常、利禄、俗学、天命、佛法等网罗。

指斥二千年来专制制度为“大盗”之政,专制君主是“独夫民贼”,一切罪恶的渊薮。宣传“君末民本”的民权说,认为“君”不过是“民”根据需要所共举,“君”如不能为“民”办事,亦可共废,否定了“君权神授”。

谭嗣同在书中还认为在中国长久以来遭到污名化[2]

书中表同情于太平天国农民革命运动,痛恨曾国藩及湘军的暴行。

注释

  1. ^ 《仁学》卷下
  2. ^ 伤风败俗之外 中国古人如何谈论性教育(下). 多维新闻网. [2020-09-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-09). 
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仁学
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