For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for
享乐主义.
享乐主义（英语：Hedonism）是一个哲学思想，认为享乐是人类最重要的追求。词源来自希腊语的"ἡδονή（hēdonē）"（享乐）加上后缀"ισμός（ismos）"（主义）[1]。苏格拉底的学生昔兰尼的阿瑞斯提普斯被认为是最早提出享乐主义思想的人[2]。
基本概念
享乐主义是所有动作皆可被一个人会产生的享受与痛楚所决定，力求将享乐与痛苦的距差增至最大。19世纪英国哲学家约翰·斯图尔特·密尔与边沁由他们的功利主义的伦理理论提出了享乐主义的基本原理。享乐主义是功利主义的价值观之先驱：所有行为皆是基于要给最多的人数获得最大的快乐。[来源请求]
希腊哲学家伊比鸠鲁认为，人生追根究底不过是为了享受快乐。不过，这里的快乐并不是指性爱跟毒品，而是没有痛苦的。他认为快乐有两种，一种是短暂的，另一种是持久的。短暂的快乐是从满足需求而来，口渴的人喝到水会感觉到快乐，疲倦的人躺下休息也会感到快乐。除了这种短暂的快乐之外，还有一种持久的快乐，而这才会带来真正幸福的生活。这种持久的快乐，指的是没有痛苦，也没有强烈匮乏的状态。
学派
尽管功利主义合乎享乐主义对快乐的追求，边沁与密尔的享乐主义价值观与功利主义对功利的阐释有微小的分歧。以下是两个享乐主义的学派：
- 杰瑞米·边沁乃功利主义学派的创始人，主张快乐可以数量化。最重要的是，他相信快乐的量可以用其强度乘以其持续时间计算。所以这不仅仅是快乐的数量，而是它们的强度与其持续时间亦要被考虑。
- 享乐主义的其他拥护者主张"定性化"的方式。约翰·斯图尔特·密尔相信快乐有不同的层次：稍高层次的快乐较稍低层次的快乐为佳。约翰·斯图尔特·密尔亦主张较简单的生物可较容易地进入简单的快乐，由于牠们不能看到生命的其他层面，故可放纵于享乐之中；稍为复杂的生物倾向于思考较多在其他的事物上，故可减少其用于单纯享乐的时间。所以他们较难放纵于单纯的享乐。部分人对"定性化"的批评主张其有数个问题。他们断言在普遍的情况中，快乐并不必定要分享以共同的特性。[来源请求]
参考资料
- ^ 享乐主义. [永久失效链接]
- ^ Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics 6. : 567.
{{bottomLinkPreText}}
{{bottomLinkText}}
This page is based on a Wikipedia article written by
contributors (read/edit).
Text is available under the
CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
{{current.index+1}} of {{items.length}}
Thanks for reporting this video!
This browser is not supported by Wikiwand :(
Wikiwand requires a browser with modern capabilities in order to provide you with the best reading experience.
Please download and use one of the following browsers:
An extension you use may be preventing Wikiwand articles from loading properly.
If you're using HTTPS Everywhere or you're unable to access any article on Wikiwand, please consider switching to HTTPS (https://www.wikiwand.com).
An extension you use may be preventing Wikiwand articles from loading properly.
If you are using an Ad-Blocker, it might have mistakenly blocked our content.
You will need to temporarily disable your Ad-blocker to view this page.
✕
This article was just edited, click to reload
Please click Add in the dialog above
Please click Allow in the top-left corner,
then click Install Now in the dialog
Please click Open in the download dialog,
then click Install
Please click the "Downloads" icon in the Safari toolbar, open the first download in the list,
then click Install
{{::$root.activation.text}}
Follow Us
Don't forget to rate us
Oh no, there's been an error
Please help us solve this error by emailing us at
support@wikiwand.com
Let us know what you've done that caused this error, what browser you're using, and whether you have any special extensions/add-ons installed.
Thank you!
