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交感神经

交感神经
自主神经系统,红色部分为交感神经,蓝色部分为副交感神经
标识字符
拉丁文pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi
缩写SNS
MeSHD013564
TA98A14.3.01.001
TA26601
FMAFMA:9906
解剖学术语

交感神经拉丁语Sympathicus;英语:sympathetic nervous system (SNS))和副交感神经共同组成自主神经系统。大部分的器官受到两者的共同支配,大部分情况下,两者相互拮抗(例外:唾液分泌),因而可以实现对该器官的精细调节,实现内环境稳态[1][2]

交感神经一般控制与兴奋相关的行为,即战斗或逃跑反应[3]

解剖

交感神经系统的传出神经可分为前神经元与节后神经元,节前神经元的起点分布于脊椎T1L2-L3之间。交感神经系统的节前神经元较短,通向椎旁神经节英语Paravertebral ganglia椎前神经节英语Prevertebral ganglia。节后神经元较长,负责将信号从神经节传导至支配的器官(效应器)[4][5]

一些交感神经纤维没有换元就离开交感神经链,到达主动脉的椎前神经节,或者到达受支配器官的器官旁神经节。

副神经节

交感神经的一个特点是具有副神经节,最好的例子就是肾上腺髓部。这里的节后神经元是神经内分泌细胞,它们分泌的激素(主要是肾上腺素,部分去甲肾上腺素去甲基肾上腺素))直接入,再被运送到目标器官。副交感神经系统活动主要在放松和恢复时期,这时心率减慢,呼吸变浅,汗腺活动减少,瞳孔缩小,血糖降低,皮肤和内脏血流增加。

生理功能

  • 交感神经的功能可被“3FS”所概括,分别为:

Fight, Flight, Fright, or Sex(战斗、逃走、害怕或性兴奋)

  • 在“4E状态”下会刺激交感神经:

Emergency, Embarrassment, Excitement, Exercise(紧急、尴尬、兴奋、运动)

交感神经兴奋会抑制腺分泌、竖毛肌收缩、瞳孔放射肌收缩(瞳孔放大)、睫状肌放松(使晶状体变得扁平,而可以看远处)、刺激窦房结(心跳加快)、房室结(加快心脏电讯传输)、增强心脏收缩力、大部分动脉平滑肌收缩、到骨骼肌的动脉平滑肌放松、支气管平滑肌放松(支气管扩张)、抑制支气管腺体分泌、消化道蠕动下降、抑制消化道腺体分泌、消化道括约肌收缩、消化道壁平滑肌放松、抑制胰脏外分泌腺分泌、抑制胰脏外分泌腺内分泌、肾素分泌、肾上腺素和去甲基肾上腺素分泌、膀胱壁放松、逼尿肌放松、射精、子宫(未怀孕)收缩、刺激糖酵解作用、糖异生和脂肪分解。

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Dorland's. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary 32nd. Elsevier Saunders. 2012: 1862. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8. 
  2. ^ Pocock G, Richards C. Human Physiology The Basis of Medicine Third. Oxford University Press. 2006: 63. ISBN 978-0-19-856878-0. 
  3. ^ Brodal, Per. The Central Nervous System: Structure and Function 3. Oxford University Press US. 2004: 369–396 [2020-06-22]. ISBN 0-19-516560-8. (原始内容存档于2020-12-22). 
  4. ^ Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Mitchell, Adam W.M. (编). Gray's Anatomy for Students   1. Elsevier. 2005: 76–84 [2020-06-24]. ISBN 0-443-06612-4. (原始内容存档于2020-02-21). 
  5. ^ Mark N. Alshak; Joe M Das. Neuroanatomy, Sympathetic Nervous System. StatPearls. 2019-05-13 [2020-06-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-29). 

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交感神经
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