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互惠税则法

互惠税则法(英语:Reciprocal Tariff Act,1934年6月12日颁布,ch. 474,48 Stat. 943,美国法典第19编英语Title 19 of the United States Code § 第1351节)是一部美国国会在1934年颁布的法律。该法为美国和单一的国家,特别是拉丁美洲国家之间的关税协定谈判提供了条件。[1]该法作为一项结构性改革,旨在授权总统与外国谈判,以降低关税,进一步换取美国关税的相互降低。这从结果上全面降低了关税。

罗斯福总统于1934签署了《互惠税则法》(RTAA)。税则法赋予总统与其他国家进行缔结双边、多边互惠贸易协定的权力。这部法律使得自罗斯福开始美国的外贸政策英语Foreign trade of the United States在全球范围内开放。自那之后人们普遍相信,自由贸易政策英语Reciprocal Tariff Act的时代延续至今。[2]

美国的关税内战后到1920年代一直处于历史高位。为应对经济大萧条,国会加快了其保护主义政策,最终形成了1930年的《斯姆特-霍利关税法》。斯姆特-霍利关税法是美国许多行业高关税的集合。与此同时,欧洲国家也制定了贸易保护主义政策。许多经济学家认为这些政策加剧了大萧条。而互惠关税法则标志着美国脱离了贸易保护主义时代。美国对外国产品的关税从1934年的平均46%下降到1962年的12%。[3]

参考资料

  1. ^ "The Institutional Roots of American Trade Policy: Politics, Coalitions, and International Trade." Michael Bailey, Judith Goldstein, and Barry Weingast. World Politics, Volume 49, No. 3, 1997."
  2. ^ Hiscox, Michael J. The Magic Bullet? The RTAA, Institutional Reform, and Trade Liberalization (PDF). International Organization. Autumn 1999, 53 (4): 669–98 [2018-04-26]. doi:10.1162/002081899551039. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-09-22). 
  3. ^ Bailey, Michael A.; Goldstein, Weingast. The Institutional Roots of American Trade Policy. World Politics. April 1997, 49: 309–38. doi:10.1353/wp.1997.0007. 
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互惠税则法
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