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亏格

数学上的亏格,也称为曲面种数(英语:Genus)有几个不同但密切相关的意思。最常见的概念是(有方向的)曲面的亏格,是其具有的“孔”的数量,因此,一个球体的亏格为0,而一个圆环的亏格为1。

拓扑

可定向曲面

连通,可定向曲面亏格是一个整数,代表沿闭简单曲线切开但不切断曲面的最大曲线条数。这和柄的个数是相同的。

例如:

  • 球面,圆盘和环亏格都为0。
  • 环面亏格1,和带一个柄的咖啡杯的表面是一样的。

不可定向曲面

连通,不可定向闭曲面的(不可定向)亏格是一个正整数,代表附在球上的交叉帽的个数。

例如:

纽结

纽结K亏格定义为所有K的Seifert曲面的最小亏格。

柄体

3维柄体亏格是一个整数,代表沿嵌入的圆盘切开而不切断流形的最大切割数。这和柄的个数是一致的。

例如:

  • 亏格0。
  • 实心环亏格为1。

图论

亏格是最小的整数n使得图可以不用交叉就画在有n个柄的球面上(也就是亏格为n的可定向曲面)。这样,一个平面图亏格为0,因为可以画在球面上而没有自交。

不可定向亏格是最小的整数n使得图可以不用交叉就画在有n个交叉帽的球面上(也就是不可定向亏格为n的不可定向曲面)。

拓扑图论中,有几种对的亏格的定义。Arthur T. White引入了如下概念。群的亏格是的任意(连通,无向)凯莱图的最小格。

代数几何

有个任意代数曲线C亏格的定义. 当定义C的域是复数,且C奇点时,该定义和作为黎曼曲面C的拓扑定义相同(其复数点组成的流形).代数几何中的椭圆曲线的定义为亏格为1的非奇异曲线

参看

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亏格
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