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二元对立.
二元对立是指一对彼此有关但意义完全相反的概念[1],二元对立最经典的例子,是理性(rational)与感性(emotional)的二分;而在西方哲学中,理性一向比感性获得更高的评价。另一个例子,是存在(presence)与缺少(absence)的二分;同样地,前者在西方哲学中的地位远高于后者。这些对立的“理念”之间有相似性,例如前述的理性、存在,和很多其他的如男性(与女性对立)、说话能力(speech)(与写作能力(writing)对立)。
在后女性主义、后殖民主义、后无政府主义和批判种族理论就以二元对立论为例子进行批判。批评者认为,对于很多概念,如男性/女性、文明/野蛮、白种人/有色人种的二分,为西方白种“文明人”的霸权(白人优越主义)提供了借口。
后结构主义者对二元对立论的批判,并不是单单持相反立场,而着眼于它的解体,而这种解构被视为非政治化的——意思是,在本质上,它对二元对立的任何一方都没有偏袒。在一对二元对立的理论被视为自我矛盾,而其价值相应下降的时候,理论便会自动解体。
参考文献
- ^ Smith, G. Binary opposition and sexual power in Paradise Lost. Midwest Quarterly. 1996, 27 (4): 383.
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