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乳浊液

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乳浊液(英语:emulsion)也称为“乳液”、“乳剂”、“乳状液”或“乳化液”,是指一相液体以微小液滴状态分散于另一相液体中形成的非均相液体分散体系。由混合组成的乳浊液根据连续相和分散相不同,分成油包水型乳剂和水包油型乳剂,前者连续相为油脂,分散相为水溶液,后者连续相为水溶液,分散相为油脂;除了上述这两类乳剂之外,还有复合乳剂。

油相、水相和乳化剂是乳剂的主要组成成分,药物根据自身的物理性质分散在水相或者油相;乳化剂应具有显著的表面活性;能在液滴周围形成界面膜;能在液滴表面形成电屏障;能增加介质粘度;并且还要具有良好的对的稳定,无刺激性。

类型

常用的乳化剂有:表面活性剂,油水平衡系数较高者,适合配制水包油型乳剂;油水平衡系数较低者,适合配制油包水型乳剂;天然乳化剂多为亲水性胶,可以提高连续相粘度,增加乳剂稳定性,适合配制水包油型乳剂、固体微粒乳化剂、以及辅助乳化剂。

制法

乳剂的配置有水中乳化剂法(湿胶法)、油中乳化剂法(干胶法)、新生皂法、两相交替加入法、机械法(乳匀机、胶体磨、超声乳化法)等。

乳剂属于热力学不稳定体系,经常发生如下变化:分层、絮凝、转相、破乳、酸败等。对乳剂的质量通常用以下指标评定:乳滴的大小、分层现象、乳滴合并速度、稳定常数。

配制乳剂时乳化剂的油水平衡系数值必须与油水两相相协调,因此混合乳化剂一般比单一乳化剂要合适使用,混合乳化剂的油水平衡系数为两种乳化剂油水平衡系数的重量加权平均

参见

参考文献

外部链接

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乳浊液
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