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中黑格兽科

中黑格兽科
化石时期:始新世[1]至中更新世[2]
中黑格兽的头颅骨
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 哺乳纲 Mammalia
目: 南方有蹄目 Notoungulata
亚目: 型兽亚目 Typotheria
科: 中黑格兽科 Mesotheriidae
Alston, 1876
亚科[2][1][3]
  • †Fiandraiinae
    • Fiandraia
  • †Mesotheriinae
    • Altitypotherium
    • Caraguatypotherium
    • Eotypotherium
    • †真型兽属 Eutypotherium
    • Hypsitherium
    • †中黑格兽属 Mesotherium
    • Microtypotherium
    • Plesiotypotherium
    • †假型兽属 Pseudotypotherium
    • †似型兽属 Typotheriopsis
  • †Trachytheriinae
    • †粗型兽属 Trachytherus

中黑格兽科学名Mesotheriidae)是一灭绝南方有蹄目。牠们生存于始新世更新世南美洲。中黑格兽科包含了由小至中型的草食性及适合挖掘的哺乳动物

特征

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中黑格兽科是细小至中等身形的南方有蹄目,较大的约有般大小[3]牠们最特别的地方是其专门化的牙齿骨骼。中黑格兽科的门齿是不断生长的,只有内面有珐琅质,就像是现今的啮齿动物。牠们的颊齿(即前臼齿臼齿)有高冠,在较进化的成员中也是不断生长的。[3]中黑格兽科的骨骼很重型,像现今会挖掘的哺乳动物。在化石可见牠们充满裂纹的爪,肘上有籽骨脊骨融合荐骨髋骨来加固骨盘。[3]

行为

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对于三中黑格兽科(粗型兽属、Plesiotypotherium及中黑格兽属)的生物力学研究发现牠们适合挖掘。[3]估计牠们是挖掘树根块茎等食物,其食性及行为像现今的袋熊。另外,对于细小的中黑格兽属也有可能是会挖洞的。

分布

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中黑格兽科就像其他的南方有蹄目般只生存于新生代南美洲[2]不过,牠们并非广布整个大洲,反而只是散布在玻利维亚智利的中海拔地区。[4]牠们的化石在高海拔的地区很罕见,而更是绝迹于热带的南美洲北部。

中黑格兽科最早的是Trachytherus mendocensis,可以追溯至始新世晚期[5]渐新世早期[1],但却有质疑所属的地层应属于中新世早期。已确定最早的化石纪录属于渐新世晚期的Anatrachytherus及粗型兽属。[1]中黑格兽科于中新世达至多样化的顶峰[4],并一直生存至更新世中期。中黑格兽科是南方有蹄目中三个生存至第四纪之一。

分类

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中黑格兽科在南方有蹄目内被分类在型兽亚目之下。[6]事实上,型兽亚目是为印齿兽(即中黑格兽属的异名)来命名的。[3]除了中黑格兽科外,型兽亚目传统上包含了其他细小的南方有蹄目。[7][2]近期的意见认为要将古蹄兔科黑格兽科加入到型兽亚目中。[8]这两科以往分类在黑格兽亚目中,但系统发生学研究指若将牠们排除在型兽亚目以外,型兽亚目则会成为并系群[6][9]在型兽亚目中,中黑格兽科较为接近古蹄兔科及黑格兽科。[6][9]中黑格兽科及黑格兽科都是源自于古蹄兔科。[9]

中黑格兽科下的三个亚科是Fiandraiinae、Mesotheriinae及Trachytheriinae。[2]不过,有指Fiandraiinae下唯一的Fiandraia并非中黑格兽科,而是箭齿兽科。Trachytheriinae包含了早期的形态,而相对于Mesotheriinae较为并系群,而Mesotheriinae则包括了中生世或以后衍生的[1]

中黑格兽科的分类如下:[10][3][2]

  • †中黑格兽科
    • †Fiandraiinae亚科[4]
      • Fiandraia(中新世)
        • F. romeroi
    • †Trachytheriinae亚科(并系群)
      • †粗型兽属(Trachytherus)(?始新世晚期至渐新世晚期)[11][5]
        • T. alloxus
        • "T. mendocensis"
        • T. spegazzinianus
        • T. subandinus
    • †Mesotheriinae亚科
      • Eotypotherium(中新世)[12]
        • E. chico
      • Altitypotherium(中新世[12]
        • A. chucalensis
        • A. paucidens
      • Microtypotherium(中新世中期至晚期)
        • M. choquecotense
    • †Mesotheriinae亚科
      • †真型兽属(Eutypotherium)(中新世中期)
        • E. lehmannnitschei
        • E. superans
      • Caraguatypotherium(中新世中期至晚期[4]
        • C. munozi
      • Plesiotypotherium(中新世晚期)
        • P. achirense
      • †似型兽属(Typotheriopsis)(中新世晚期)
        • T. chasicoensis
        • T. silveyrai
      • †假型兽属(Pseudotypotherium)(中新世晚期至?更新世中期)
        • P. exiguum
        • P. subinsigne
      • †中黑格兽属(Mesotherium)(更新世早期至中期)
        • M. cristatum
        • M. hystatum
        • M. maendrum
        • M. pachygnathum
      • Hypsitherium[2](更新世早期)
        • H. bolivianum

参考

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Reguero, M.A., and Castro, P.V. Un nuevo Trachytheriinae (Mammalia, †Notoungulata) del Deseadense (Oligoceno tardío) de Patagonia, Argentina: implicancias en la filogenia, biogeografía y bioestratigrafía de los Mesotheriidae. Revista Geológica de Chile. 2004, 31: 45–64 [2010-02-15]. (原始内容存档于2017-11-10). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. 1997: 631 pp. ISBN 0-231-11013-8. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Shockey, B.J., Croft, D.A., and Anaya, F. Analysis of function in the absence of extant functional homologues: a case study using mesotheriid notoungulates (Mammalia). Paleobiology. 2007, 33: 227–47. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Flynn, J. J., Croft, D.A., Charrier, R., Wyss, A.R., Hérail, G., and García, M. New Mesotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata, Typotheria), geochronology and tectonics of the Caragua area, northernmost Chile. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 2005, 19: 55–74. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Shockey, B.J., and Flynn, J.J. Morphological diversity in the postcranial skeleton of Casamayoran (?middle to late Eocene) Notoungulata and foot posture in notoungulates. American Museum Novitates. 2007, 3601: 1–26. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Cifelli, R. L. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. F. S. Szalay, M. J. Novacek and M. C. McKenna (eds.) (编). Mammal Phylogeny, Volume 2, Placentals. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1993: pp. 195–216. ISBN 0-387-97853-4. 
  7. ^ Simpson, G.G. The beginning of the age of mammals in South America. Part 2, Systematics : Notoungulata, concluded (Typotheria, Hegetotheria, Toxodonta, Notoungulata incertae sedis), Astrapotheria, Trigonostylopoidea, Pyrotheria, Xenungulata, Mammalia incertae sedis. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 1967, 137: 1–259. 
  8. ^ Croft, D.A., and Anaya, F. A new middle Miocene hegetotheriid (Notoungulata: Typotheria) and a phylogeny of Hegetotheriidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2006, 26: 387–99. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Billet, G.A., Patterson, B., and Muizon, C. de. The latest archaeohyracids representatives (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the Deseadan of Bolivia and Argentina. E. Díaz-Martínez and I. Rábano (eds.) (编). 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America (PDF). Madrid: Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. 2007: 39–43 [2010-02-15]. ISBN 978-84-7840-707-1. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-20). 
  10. ^ Billet, G.A., Muizon, C. de, and Quispe, B.M. Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2008, 152: 153–200. 
  11. ^ Cerdeño, E., González Riga, B., and Bordonaro, O. Primer hallazgo de mamíferos en la Formación Mariño (Mioceno) en Divisadero Largo (Mendoza, Argentina). Ameghiniana. 2006, 43: 205–14 [2010-02-15]. (原始内容存档于2011-05-31). 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Croft, D.A., Flynn, J.J. and Wyss, A.R. Notoungulata and Litopterna of the Early Miocene Chucal Fauna, Northern Chile. Fieldiana Geology. 2004, 50 (1): 1–52. 

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中黑格兽科
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