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中间逻辑

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中介逻辑是在直觉主义逻辑经典逻辑之间的中介,这是在它们包含在直觉主义逻辑中不可证明的定理,而又不等于的经典逻辑的意义上说的。这种逻辑也叫做超直觉主义次经典逻辑。

连续统的势个不同的中介逻辑,通常是向直觉主义逻辑增加一个或多个公理而获得的。 这种逻辑的例子有:

  • 直觉主义逻辑(IPC, Int, IL, H
  • 经典逻辑(CPC, Cl, CL):IPC + P ∨ ¬P
  • 排中律逻辑(KC, Jankov逻辑,德·摩根定律逻辑): IPC + ¬¬P ∨ ¬P
  • 哥德尔-Dummett逻辑(LC):IPC + (P → Q) ∨ (Q → P)
  • Kreisel-Putnam逻辑:IPC +(¬P →(Q ∨ R))→((¬P → Q) ∨ (¬P → R))
  • Medvedev有限问题的逻辑
  • 可实现性逻辑
  • Scott逻辑:IPC + ((¬¬P → P) → (P ∨ ¬P)) →(¬¬P ∨ ¬P)
  • Smetanich逻辑:IPC + (¬Q → P) →(((P → Q) → P)→ P)

研究中介逻辑的工具类似于直觉主义逻辑所使用的,比如Kripke语义。例如,Gödel-Dummett逻辑相对于线序的Kripke模型完全。

语义

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给定一个Heyting代数γ,在γ上有效的命题公式是中介逻辑。反过来说,给定一个中介逻辑可以构造出是 Heyting代数的它的Lindenbaum代数

一个直觉主义Kripke框架F偏序集合,而Kripke模型M是带有求值使得F上闭子集的Kripke框架。在F中有效的命题公式的集合是在中介逻辑中有效的。给定一个中介逻辑Σ有可能构造一个Kripke模型M使得M的逻辑是Σ(这种构造叫做“典范模型”)。带有这个性质的Kripke框架可能不存在,但是一般框架总是有。

与模态逻辑的关系

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A是命题公式。A的“哥德尔-塔斯基翻译”递归定义如下:

如果Λ是S4的扩充则 ρΛ = {A | T(A) ∈ Λ}是中介逻辑,而Λ叫做ρΛ的“模态对应”。特别是:

  • IPC = ρS4
  • KC = ρS4.2
  • LC = ρS4.3
  • CPC = ρS5

对于所有中介逻辑Σ都有很多模态逻辑Λ使得Σ = ρΛ。

参见

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引用

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  • Toshio Umezawa. On logics intermediate between intuitionistic and classical predicate logic. Journal of Symbolic Logic, 24(2):141–153, June 1959.
  • Alexander Chagrov, Michael Zakharyaschev. Modal Logic. Oxford University Press, 1997.
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中间逻辑
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