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中国 (佛教).
中国(梵语:Madhya deśa,巴利语:majjhima-desa),音译摩陀耶提舍,意译中天竺,是印度半岛恒河流域中,以摩揭陀、㤭萨罗为中心的区域,为佛陀释迦牟尼出世及弘法之地,古印度佛教文化圈的中心。中国之外,称为边地,约当今印度中央邦,北方邦、比哈尔邦以外的其他地区。
概论
在梵语中,Madhya是中央或中间之意,deśa音译为提舍,为王国或方国之意。字面意义为位于世界中央的国家,为释迦牟尼出生与弘法的主要地区。中国这个译名,最早出自东晋佛教僧侣法显[1]。佛教徒相信,释迦牟尼在此成道,为世界中心,故称中国[2]。中国位于南赡部洲,在雪山(今喜马拉雅山区)之西,五河源头之地[3]。
中国之外,称为边地。佛教徒以生于中国为荣,生于边地为八无暇之一。中国古称支那,在梵文中也有边地之国或边远之国的意思[4][5]。
佛教认为,欲修学大乘道,需具足暇满人身。暇满包括离八无暇[6],具十圆满[7]。若生于边地,无法听闻修学佛法,为八无暇之一。能生于四众弟子所游之地的中国,则能听闻修学佛法,为十圆满之一。
清代四库馆臣对东晋《法显传》有关“中国”的记载进行了激烈的批评,认为“其书以天竺为中国,以中国为边地,盖释氏自尊其教,其诞谬不足与争”。
注释
- ^ 《高僧法显传》卷1:“其乌长国是正北天竺也。尽作中天竺语。中天竺所谓中国。俗人衣服饮食亦与中国同。佛法甚盛。”
- ^ 《释迦方志》卷上:“所都定所,则以佛所生国,迦毘罗城应是其中,谓居四重铁围之内。故经云:三千日月万二千天地之中央也。佛之威神不生边地,地为倾斜故。中天竺国如来成道树下。有金刚座用承佛焉。据此为论约余天下以定其中。若当此洲义约五事以明中也。所谓名里时水人为五矣。所言名者,咸谓西域以为中国。又亦名为中天竺国。”
- ^ 《释迦方志》卷上:“谓雪山以南名为中国。坦然平正冬夏和调。卉木常荣流霜不降。自余边鄙安足语哉。四言水者。此洲中心有一大池。名阿那陀答多。唐言无热恼也。即经所谓阿耨达池。在香山南大雪山北。居山顶上非凡所至。池周八百里四岸宝饰。正南当于平地地狱所居。故金刚座东僻至五千里。又池正南当洲尖处。其北当谜罗川即北。又当葱岭北千泉也。上空定约当北辰星。”
- ^ 《翻译名义集》卷3:“脂那,婆沙二音,一云支那,此云文物国,即赞美此方,是衣冠文物之地也。二云指难,此云边鄙,即贬挫此方,非中国也。西域记云:‘摩诃至那,此曰大唐。’”
- ^ 宋僧伽跋摩等译《杂阿毘昙心论》:“处所远者,谓天竺振旦地,虽一时生,合成一体。然彼处异,故说远。”
- ^ “八无暇”包括执邪倒见、生傍生、饿鬼、地狱、无佛教、及生边地、懱戾车、性为𫘤哑、长寿天
- ^ “十圆满”包括五自圆满:“人、生中、根具、业未倒、信处”,五他圆满:“佛降、说正法、教住、随教转、有他具悲愍”
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