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世袭罔替.
世袭罔替即世袭次数无限、而且承袭者承袭被承袭者的原有爵位。从魏晋时代开始,中国的世袭制度被进一步区分为世袭罔替和普通世袭,后者是世袭次数有限、而且每承袭一次,承袭者只能承袭较被承袭者的原有爵位低一级的爵位。到了宋代,世袭罔替基本被取消,更出现了不能被继承的终身爵。明代,皇族封爵为世袭罔替。清代,世袭罔替的爵位主要为铁帽子王和外藩蒙古、回部等王公。
中央政权在臣服于中央的番邦首领(包括国王、酋长等等)统治区域设立郡县,委任番邦首领为当地的长官进行统治,称为羁縻。羁縻地区的首领多会被受封最低郡王一级的爵位和相关的官位和军阶(受封多为地方最高的军阶和官位)以从中央法律上实行对番地统治,而其爵位则会脱离世袭罔替的规章。例如各地的土司便是这种世袭罔替爵位的代表。
中央王朝君主在同外国建立朝贡体制的同时,往往会派使者册封其君主为国王,与其结为名义上的君臣关系。这些国家在发生君主更替的时候往往会向中央王朝请求册封,成为中央王朝承认的世袭罔替外邦君主。
例如:
- 朝鲜
- 越南
- 琉球
- 日本(幕府时期有多位幕府将军曾接受过中国册封国王圣旨及金印等物。)
清朝的铁帽子王即“世袭罔替”亲王、郡王[1]。
日本的世袭亲王家是指不论与在位的天皇血统是否亲近,都会受到亲王宣下而成为亲王的身位而持续存在的宫家。
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