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不送气

不送气
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不送气清辅音(Tenuis consonant),语音学概念上指一个不送气、不吸气、属清音的塞音或塞擦音辅音。例子有英文s后面的p、t、k(spy、sty、sky)。为感知送气与不送气音之间的差别,试将一只手或点燃的蜡烛置于口前,朗声说“滩”(/tʰan/)、“单”(/tan/)两个字,念“滩”字时可以感觉到掌心受到气流的冲击或者看到烛焰摇动,念“单”字时就没有这些现象。那么“滩”字的声母t/tʰ/(透母-)就是送气音,“单”字的声母d/t/(端母-)则是不送气音。虽然不送气音一般不加特别的记号,但是在扩展国际音标中也可以用上标形的等号,[⁼]来表记不送气。

分辨

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不使用气流机制是发不出塞音的,而不使用肺部气流只能发出非肺部气流音,例如搭嘴音挤喉音。所以“不送气”这种说法不太严谨。塞音气流由两部分组成:除阻气流和跟随气流。“不送气”只有除阻气流。“送气”则是除阻气流之后还有跟随气流。气流也有清浊,清音气流为[h],浊音气流为[ɦ]。

[t]清浊发音对照
持阻发声态
除阻气流
喉开态[t̚] 常态浊声[d̚] 喉闭态[t̚͡ʔ]
声门内吸气流 内爆音[ɗ] 清内爆音[ɗ̥]
声门外呼气流 挤喉音[tʼ]
仅肺部除阻气流 不送气塞音[t] 浊不送气塞音[d]
除阻气流+清跟随气流[h] 送气塞音[tʰ] 预浊化清送气塞音[d͡tʰ]
除阻气流+浊跟随气流[ɦ] 预清化气声浊送气塞音[t͡dʱ] 气声浊送气塞音[dʱ]

参见

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参考文献

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  • Bussmann, 1996. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.
  • R.L. Trask, 1996. A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology.
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