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下垫面.
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下垫面指与大气下层直接接触的地球表面。大气圈以地球的水陆表面为其下界,称为大气层的下垫面。它包括陆地、海洋、湿地、沙漠、不同植被区、地形区等,
应用情景
(1)下垫面状况不同,吸收和反射的太阳辐射比例也不同,使得世界各地地面辐射的变化,并不完全与纬度的变化相一致,使得等温线在同纬度地区发生弯曲。
(2)下垫面状况不同,水的含量也不尽相同,使得蒸发量不同,对当地气温及其变化,干燥程度影响不同。如城市化前后下垫面的改变导致下垫面水热状况的改变。
(3)裸露的水域会比冰冻时蒸发更快,而温暖的空气能藏匿更多水分。富含水分的空气移动到较高纬度或较高海拔地区,会导致强降雪。
其他
海洋和陆地是性质差异最大的下垫面,无论是温度、水分和表面形状都有很大的不同。在大陆上,巨大的山地和高原对气候的形成与影响有着不可忽视的作用。
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