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三三昧

三三昧(梵语:trayaḥ-samādhayaḥ;巴利语:tayo-samādhī),又译三三摩地三等持,佛教术语,为三种三昧的合称。由此三昧可达致涅槃解脱,故又称三解脱门(梵语:trīṇi vimokṣa-mukhāni;巴利语:tīṇi vimokkha-mukhāni)。

概论

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三三昧,为三种三昧的合称。在《杂阿含经》中,将空三昧(śūnyatā-samādhi)、无相三昧(animitta-samādhi)与无所有三昧(ākiṃcanya-samādhi)并举,以空三昧为首,称之为圣法印[1][2]。《中阿含经》、《长阿含经》则以无愿(apraṇihita)三昧,取代无所有三昧。在阿毘达摩时代,将这三种三昧,并称为三三昧。随着学派的变化,三三昧的定义也有改变。

在《杂阿含经》中,三三昧有次第关系,由修习空三昧,进入无相三昧,达至无所有三昧,进一步观察无常,最终至于解脱涅槃。

分类

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释迦牟尼曾以无相三昧(巴利语:animitta ceto-samādhi;梵语:ānimitta ceta samādhi,无相心定)来除病痛苦受,安稳身心,住世说法[3] [4][5]

类似内容

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在密宗无上瑜伽续中,也有三等持或三三昧的说法,但其内容不同。

注释

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  1. ^ 《杂阿含经》卷3〈80经〉:“若有比丘作是说:‘我得空,能起无相、无所有、离慢知见。’者,此则善说。所以者何?若得空已,能起无相、无所有、离慢知见者,斯有是处!”
  2. ^ 施护《佛说法印经》:“佛告诸苾刍:‘如是名为圣法印,即是三解脱门。汝诸苾刍,若修学者,即得知见清净。’”
  3. ^ 《长阿含经》卷2〈游行经〉:“阿难!我所说法,内外已讫,终不自称所见通达。吾已老矣,年且八十。譬如故车,方便修治,得有所至。吾身亦然,以方便力,得少留寿,自力精进,忍此苦痛,不念一切想(不念一切相),入无想定(无相定),时,我身安隐,无有恼患。是故,阿难!当自炽燃,炽燃于法,勿他炽燃;当自归依,归依于法,勿他归依。”
  4. ^ 《长部16经》〈般涅槃大经〉:“阿难!每当如来以对一切相(sabba-nimittā-naṃ)的不作意、以对某类受的灭、进入后住于无相心定(animittaṃ ceto-samādhiṃ)时,阿难!那时,如来的身体[才]较为安乐,阿难!因此,在这里,你们要住于以自己为岛,以自己为归依,不以其他为归依;以法为岛,以法为归依,不以其他为归依。”
  5. ^ 《根本说一切有部毘奈耶杂事》卷36:“佛于夏内身婴病苦,受诸痛恼几将命没。作如是念:我身有疾,不久迁谢。然诸苾刍散在余处,我今不应离诸大众而般涅槃。应以无相三昧(ānimittaṃ cetaḥ samādhiṃ),观察自身,令苦停息。作是念已即入胜定,所受诸苦如念皆除,安隐而住。”
    梵语《Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)》:“atha bhagavān tata ekatyā vedanā vīryeṇa pratiprasrabhya sarvanimittānām amanasikārād animittaṃ cetaḥsamādhiṃ kāyena sākṣīkṛtvopasaṃpadya vyahārṣīt”

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三三昧
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