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三坟五典八索九丘.
历史记载
先秦《左传·昭公十二年》:“楚灵王称赞左史倚相:“是良史也,子善视之,是能读《三坟》、《五典》、《八索》、《九丘》。”
西汉《孔子家语·正论解》:“楚灵王汰侈,右尹子革侍坐,左史倚相趋而过,王曰:是良史也,子善视之。是能读《三坟》、《五典》、《八索》、《九丘》。”
东汉《释名·释典艺》:“三坟,坟,分也。论三才之分,天地人之治,其体有三也。”
前宋《后汉书·列传·袁张韩周列传》:“蕴椟古今,博物多闻,三坟之篇,五典之策,无所不览。”
- 《尚书序》:“伏羲、神农、黄帝之书,谓之《三坟》,言大道也。少昊、颛顼、高辛(喾)、唐(尧)、虞(舜)之书,谓之《五典》...八卦之说,谓之《八索》,求其义也。九州之志,谓之《九丘》;丘,聚也,言九州所有,土地所生,风气所宜,皆聚此书也。”
- 唐代学者孔颖达的《疏》:‘孔安国尚书序:“伏羲、神农、黄帝之书谓之《三坟》,言大道也;少昊、颛顼、高辛、唐、虞之书谓之《五典》,言常道也;八卦之说谓之《八索》,求其义也;九州之志谓之《九丘》,丘,聚也,言九州所有、土地所生、风气所宜皆聚此书也。楚左史倚相能读《三坟》、《五典》、《八索》、《九丘》,即谓上世帝王遗书也。’《周礼》:“外史掌三皇五帝之书”,郑玄云:“楚灵王所谓《三坟》、《五典》是也。”贾逵云:“《三坟》,三王之书;《五典》,五帝之典;《八索》,八王之法;《九丘》,九州亡国之戒。”延笃言、张平子说:“《三坟》,三礼,礼为大防,《尔雅》曰:“坟,大防也”,《书》曰:“谁能与朕三礼,三礼,天、地、人之礼也。《五典》,五帝之常道也。《八索》,《周礼》八议之刑,索,空,空设之。《九丘》,《周礼》之九刑,丘,空也,亦空设之。”马融说:“《三坟》,三气,阴阳始生,天、地、人之气也;《五典》,五行也;《八索》,八卦;《九丘》,九州之数也。”此诸家者,各以意言,无正验,杜所不信,故云皆古书名。’
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后人引述
- 《古今图书集成﹒帝王部﹒太昊伏羲氏本纪》引古“三坟”书:“命臣飞龙氏造六书,命臣潜龙氏作甲历,……因龙出而纪官,……命降龙氏倡率万民,命水龙氏平治水土,命火龙氏炮治器用,因居方而置城廓,天下之民号曰天皇太昊伏羲”。
- 《文选卷》第十七:“伫中区以玄览,颐情志于典坟...左氏传,楚子曰:左史倚相能读三坟、五典。遵四时以叹逝,瞻万物而思纷。”
- 《文心雕龙.卷一》:“自鸟迹代绳,文字始炳,炎皞遗事,纪在三坟....皇世三坟,帝代五典,重以八索,申以九邱”。
- 袁枚曾有对联:“此地有丛山峻岭茂林修竹,是能读三坟五典八索九丘”。
- 唐杨炯 《从弟去溢墓志铭》:“若夫羽陵遗策,汲冢残书,倚相之《八索》、《九丘》,张华之千门万户,莫不山藏海纳,学无所遗。”
- 明赵振元《为袁氏祭袁石寓(袁可立子)宪副》:“以故《九丘》、《八索》,淹为精华。”
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