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神聖羅馬帝國

神聖羅馬帝國極盛疆域圖

昔有神聖羅馬帝國者,肇基於查理曼。公元八百年,查理受教皇利奧三世加冕,是為帝國之始。其後奧托一世復興帝制,遂成千年帝國。

帝國疆域廣袤,跨德意志意大利、布根地諸邦。帝位非世襲,乃由諸侯選舉。選侯初無定制,漸而為七人:美因茨、特里爾、科隆三總主教,波希米亞國王,薩克森公、勃蘭登堡侯、萊茵帕拉廷伯。

帝國體制奇特,君權與教權並峙。帝者統領諸侯,然各邦割據自雄,中央難以控制。教皇雖尊,然屢與帝爭,紛擾不斷。及教皇格里高利七世與皇帝亨利四世相抗而敗,教權漸式微。

其間,神聖羅馬帝國屢有明君。腓特烈一世巴巴羅薩雄才大略,東征西討;腓特烈二世博學多聞,有「世界奇蹟」之譽。然亦有昏君,如溫塞斯勞斯,荒淫無道,終被廢黜。

帝國之衰,始於三十年戰爭。韋斯特伐利亞和約後,各邦自主益甚。十八世紀,普魯士崛起,與帝國分庭抗禮。法皇拿破崙席捲歐陸,帝國名存實亡。一八零六年,弗朗茨二世遜位,帝國遂亡。

帝國千年,興衰備極。其承羅馬遺緒,統御中歐,促進文化交流,功不可沒。然中央權威不彰,內部紛爭不息,終致土崩瓦解,可為後世鑒。

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神聖羅馬帝國
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