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伊曼努爾·康德

康德先生像

伊曼努爾·康德普魯士柯尼斯堡人也。自言其祖徙自蘇格蘭,後人考之,實波羅的人也。其父製鞍為業。康德其第四子也。康德寡嗜好,足不出柯尼斯堡。初年,好格致學,作《自然通史與天體論》一書,駁牛頓之第一推動說。喜讀盧梭,嘆其辭藻之麗。深服其見。一七八一年,所作《純粹理性批判》付梓。康德立此書之言,所費不過數月,然其中求索,實經累年也。一七八五年,《道德形而上學原理》成。八八年,《實踐理性批判》付梓,九〇年,《判斷力批判》付梓。其後著述不輟,復立永恒太平之說,欲為後世太平著式。值其作漢譯,商務印書館集其晚年所成,為《歷史理性批判》。一八〇四年二月,康德卒。年七十九。終生不行嫁娶,無室無子。

康德之學

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康德,德國唯心宗名儒也。關乎道德(Ethics),亦具察見。嘗曰:身不由己,惡之至也。《純粹理性批判》云,外物,具所見而已。人心,所以明所見者也。心置外物於空間、時間,或曰範疇,予人以綜合(Synthetic)先驗(A Priori)之感。範疇既使人成見,故為主觀。外物若非範疇之增減,於我為無有。譬若配目鏡,鏡片色藍,則萬物皆藍,鏡片色紅,則萬物皆紅。鏡片,範疇也。萬物,外物也。

《道德形而上學原理》云,世有假言令式、範疇令式。假言令式者,有的放矢。範疇令式,以行為的。不以為矢。又云,履義非有德,為德由己也。若夫商販不售偽,警察捕盜賊,皆義務也,非有德也。有德者,從範疇令式,行善而無的。復謂平生所行,當思可為萬世法否。推及眾人而不可,則絕之。譬若借貸,一人之借貸,無礙。若天下莫不借貸,則無金可貸矣。是以不行。

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  • 羅素《西方哲學史》
  • 商務印書館《歷史理性批判》序言
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伊曼努爾·康德
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