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Nhóm ngôn ngữ German phía Tây

Chi ngôn ngữ German phía Tây
Sắc tộcCác dân tộc German phía Tây
Phân bố
địa lý
Bắt nguồn từ vùng giữa Rhine, Alps, Elbe, và biển Bắc; ngày nay trên toàn cầu
Phân loại ngôn ngữ họcẤn-Âu
Ngữ ngành con
ISO 639-5:gmw
Linguasphere:52-AB & 52-AC
Glottolog:west2793[1]
(({mapalt))}
Mức độ rộng rãi của ngữ tộc Đức ở Châu Âu ngày nay

Chi ngôn ngữ German Bắc

  Faroe
  Na Uy

Chi ngôn ngữ German phía Tây

  Anh
Dấu chấm cho biết các khu vực phổ biến đa ngôn ngữ.

Chi ngôn ngữ German phía Tây là nhóm đa dạng và phổ biến nhất trong ngữ tộc German, hai nhóm còn lại là Chi ngôn ngữ German phía BắcChi ngôn ngữ German phía Đông (đã biến mất).

Ba ngôn ngữ nổi tiếng và phổ biến nhất trong nhóm là tiếng Anh, tiếng Đức, và tiếng Hà Lan. Ngoài ra, nó cũng gồm những ngôn ngữ Thượng ĐứcHạ Đức như tiếng lLuxembourgtiếng Yiddish, cũng như những ngôn ngữ Franconia và Ingaevon như Frisia, tiếng Scotstiếng Afrikaans. Thêm vào đó, có nhiều creole, patois, và pidgin hình thành dựa trên tiếng Anh và tiếng Hà Lan.

Chú thích

[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]
  1. ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin biên tập (2013). “West Germanic”. Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Sách tham khảo và đọc thêm

[sửa | sửa mã nguồn]
  • Adamus, Marian (1962). On the mutual relations between Nordic and other Germanic dialects. Germanica Wratislavensia 7. 115–158.
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  • Bammesberger, Alfred (1996). The Preterite of Germanic Strong Verbs in Classes Fore and Five, in „North-Western European Language Evolution" 27, 33–43.
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  • Euler, Wolfram (2013) Das Westgermanische – von der Herausbildung im 3. bis zur Aufgliederung im 7. Jahrhundert – Analyse und Rekonstruktion (West Germanic: from its Emergence in the 3rd up until its Dissolution in the 7th Century CE: Analyses and Reconstruction). 244 p., in German with English summary, Verlag Inspiration Un Limited, London/Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-9812110-7-8.
  • Härke, Heinrich (2011). Anglo-Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis, in: „Medieval Archaeology" No. 55, 2011, pp. 1–28.
  • Hilsberg, Susan (2009). Place-Names and Settlement History. Aspects of Selected Topographical Elements on the Continent and in England, Magister Theses, Universität Leipzig.
  • Klein, Thomas (2004). "Im Vorfeld des Althochdeutschen und Altsächsischen" (Prior to Old High German and Old Saxon), in Entstehung des Deutschen. Heidelberg, 241–270.
  • Kortlandt, Frederik (2008). Anglo-Frisian, in „North-Western European Language Evolution" 54/55, 265 – 278.
  • Looijenga, Jantina Helena (1997). Runes around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150–700; Text & Contents. Groningen: SSG Uitgeverij.
  • Friedrich Maurer (1942), Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Strassburg: Hüneburg.
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  • Nielsen, Hans F. (1981). Old English and the Continental Germanic languages. A Survey of Morphological and Phonological Interrelations. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft. (2nd edition 1985)
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  • Page, Raymond I. (1999). An Introduction to English Runes, 2. edition. Woodbridge: Bogdell Press.
  • Page, Raymond I. (2001). Frisian Runic Inscriptions, in Horst Munske et al., „Handbuch des Friesischen". Tübingen, 523–530.
  • Ringe, Donald R. (2012). Cladistic principles and linguistic reality: the case of West Germanic. In Philomen Probert and Andreas Willi (eds.), Laws and Rules on Indo-European, 33–42. Oxford.
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Bản mẫu:Germanic languages Bản mẫu:Germanic philology

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Nhóm ngôn ngữ German phía Tây
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