Hint astronomisi
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| Hint alt kıtasında bilim ve teknoloji tarihi |
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Hint astronomisi, Hint alt kıtasında uygulanan astronomiyi ifade eder. Tarihi, tarih öncesi dönemlerden modern zamanlara kadar uzanır. Hint astronomisinin en eski kökleri, İndus Vadisi Uygarlığı dönemine veya daha öncesine kadar tarihlendirilebilir.[1][2] Astronomi, daha sonra MÖ 1500 veya daha eski tarihlere dayanan Vedaların incelenmesiyle ilişkili "yardımcı disiplinlerden" biri olan Vedanga'nın bir disiplini olarak gelişti.[3] Bilinen en eski metin, MÖ 1400-1200’e tarihlenen Vedanga Jyotisha'dır (mevcut hali muhtemelen MÖ 700-600'den kalmadır).[4]
Hint astronomisi, MÖ 4. yüzyıldan itibaren Yunan astronomisinden etkilenmiştir[5][6][6] ve bu etki, Miladi takvimin ilk yüzyıllarına kadar devam etmiştir. Örneğin, Yavanajataka[5] ve Romaka Siddhanta (MS 2. yüzyıldan itibaren yayılan bir Yunan metninin Sanskritçe çevirisi) bu etkileşimlerin örneklerindendir.[7]
Hint astronomisi, 5-6. yüzyılda, Aryabhata ile zirveye ulaştı. Aryabhata'nın onun eseri Aryabhatiya, o dönemdeki astronomi bilgisinin doruk noktası olarak kabul edilir. Aryabhatiya, zaman birimleri, gezegenlerin konumlarının belirlenme yöntemleri, gece ve gündüzün nedenleri ve diğer kozmolojik kavramlar gibi konuları kapsayan dört bölümden oluşur.[8] Hint astronomisi, daha sonra İslam astronomisi, Çin astronomisi, Avrupa astronomisi ve diğerlerini kayda değer ölçüde etkilemiştir. Aryabhata'nın çalışmalarını daha da geliştiren klasik dönem astronomları arasında Brahmagupta, Varahamihira ve Lalla bulunur.
Belirgin bir yerli Hint astronomi geleneği, özellikle Kerala astronomi ve matematik okulunda, Orta Çağ boyunca ve 16. veya 17. yüzyıla kadar aktifti.
(Soldan sağa): Aryabhata, büyük Hintli matematikçi ve astronom; Jantar Mantar, Raja Jai Singh tarafından yapılmış astronomik gözlemevi; Suryasiddhanta, bir astronomi risalesi.
Ayrıca bakınız
[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]Kaynakça
[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]Özel
- ^ Pierre-Yves Bely; Carol Christian; Jean-René Roy (11 Mart 2010). A Question and Answer Guide to Astronomy. Cambridge University Press. s. 197. ISBN 9780521180665.
- ^ Ashfaque, Syed Mohammad (1977). "Astronomy in the Indus Valley Civilization A Survey of the Problems and Possibilities of the Ancient Indian Astronomy and Cosmology in the Light of Indus Script Decipherment by the Finnish Scholars". Centaurus. 21 (2). ss. 149-193. Bibcode:1977Cent...21..149A. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1977.tb00351.x
.
- ^ Sarma 2008a.
- ^ Subbarayappa, B. V. (14 Eylül 1989). "Indian astronomy: An historical perspective". Biswas, S. K.; Mallik, D. C. V.; Vishveshwara, C. V. (Ed.). Cosmic Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. ss. 25-40. ISBN 978-0-521-34354-1.
- ^ a b Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B: As presented at the XXIIIrd General Assembly of the IAU, 1997. Johannes Andersen Springer, 31 January 1999 – Science – 616 pages. page 721
- ^ a b Babylon to Voyager and Beyond: A History of Planetary Astronomy. David Leverington. Cambridge University Press, 29 May 2010 – Science – 568 pages. page 41
- ^ Foreign Impact on Indian Life and Culture (c. 326 B.C. to C. 300 A.D.). Satyendra Nath Naskar. Abhinav Publications, 1 January 1996 – History – 253 pages. Pages 56–57
- ^ Clark, Walter (1930). Aryabhatiya: An Ancient Indian Work on Mathematics and Astronomy – An English Translation (İngilizce). The University of Chicago Press.
Genel
- Abraham, G. (2008), "Gnomon in India", Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd edition) edited by Helaine Selin, pp. 1035–1037, Springer, 978-1-4020-4559-2.
- Almeida, D. F.; ve diğerleri. (2001). "Keralese Mathematics: Its Possible Transmission to Europe and the Consequential Educational Implications". Journal of Natural Geometry. Cilt 20. ss. 77-104.
- Baber, Zaheer (1996), The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India, State University of New York Press, 0-7914-2919-9.
- Dallal, Ahmad (1999), "Science, Medicine and Technology", The Oxford History of Islam edited by John Esposito, Oxford University Press.
- Hayashi, Takao (2008), Aryabhata I, Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Hayashi, Takao (2008), Bhaskara I, Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Hayashi, Takao (2008), Brahmagupta, Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Hayashi, Takao (2008), Shripati, Encyclopædia Britannica.
- J.A.B. van Buitenen (2008), calendar, Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Joseph, George G. (2000), The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics, Penguin Books, 0-691-00659-8.
- King, David A (2002). "A Vetustissimus Arabic Text on the Quadrans Vetus". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 33 (3). ss. 237-255. Bibcode:2002JHA....33..237K. doi:10.1177/002182860203300302.
- Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2003), "Hinduism, History of Science and Religion", Encyclopedia of Science and Religion edited by J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen, pp. 405–410, Macmillan Reference USA, 0-02-865704-7.
- Raju, C. K. (2001). "Computers, Mathematics Education, and the Alternative Epistemology of the Calculus in the Yuktibhasa". Philosophy East and West. 51 (3). ss. 325-362. doi:10.1353/pew.2001.0045.
- Ramasubramanian (1994). "Modification of the earlier Indian planetary theory by the Kerala astronomers (c. 1500 CE) and the implied heliocentric picture of planetary motion". Current Science. Cilt 66. ss. 784-790.
- Sarma, K.V. (2008a). "Astronomy in India". Helaine Selin (Ed.). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. 2nd. Springer. ss. 317-321. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9554. ISBN 978-1-4020-4559-2.
- Sarma, K.V. (2008b). "Lalla". Helaine Selin (Ed.). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. 2nd. Springer. s. 1215. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9577. ISBN 978-1-4020-4559-2.
- Sarma, K.V. (2008c). "Acyuta Piṣāraṭi". Helaine Selin (Ed.). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. 2nd. Springer. s. 19. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9546. ISBN 978-1-4020-4559-2.
- Sarma, K.V. (2008d). "Armillary Spheres in India". Helaine Selin (Ed.). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. 2nd. Springer. s. 243. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9552. ISBN 978-1-4020-4559-2.
- Sarma, Nataraja (2000). "Diffusion of Astronomy in the Ancient World". Endeavour. 24 (4). ss. 157-164. doi:10.1016/s0160-9327(00)01327-2. PMID 11196987.
- Sharma, V.N. (1995), Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy, Motilal Banarsidass, 81-208-1256-5.
- Sharma, V.N. (2008), "Observatories in India", Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd edition) edited by Helaine Selin, pp. 1785–1788, Springer, 978-1-4020-4559-2.
- Savage-Smith, Emilie (1985), Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use, Smithsonian Institution Press.
- Subbaarayappa, B.V. (1989), "Indian astronomy: an historical perspective", Cosmic Perspectives edited by Biswas etc., pp. 25–41. Cambridge University Press. 0-521-34354-2.
- Tripathi, V.N. (2008), "Astrology in India", Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd edition) edited by Helaine Selin, pp. 264–267, Springer, 978-1-4020-4559-2.
- Daniel, R.R. (1992). "Space Science in India". Indian Journal of History of Science. 27 (4). New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy. ss. 485-499.
- Sadeh, Eligar (2013). Space Strategy in the 21st Century: Theory and Policy. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-22623-6. 6 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Şubat 2021.
- Bhargava, Pushpa M.; Chakrabarti, Chandana (2003). The Saga of Indian Science Since Independence: In a Nutshell. Universities Press. ss. 39-. ISBN 978-81-7371-435-1. 13 Mayıs 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 15 Kasım 2015.
Konuyla ilgili yayınlar
[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]- Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture, Monograph series, Volume 3. Mathematics, Astronomy and Biology in Indian Tradition edited by D. P. Chattopadhyaya and Ravinder Kumar
- Brennand, William (1896), Hindu Astronomy, Chas.Straker & Sons, London
- Maunder, E. Walter (1899), The Indian Eclipse 1898, Hazell Watson and Viney Ltd., London
- Kak, Subhash. Birth and early development of Indian astronomy. Kluwer, 2000.
- Kak, S. (2000). The astronomical code of the R̥gveda. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
- Kak, Subhash C. "The astronomy of the age of geometric altars." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 36 (1995): 385.
- Kak, Subhash C. "Knowledge of planets in the third millennium BC." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 37 (1996): 709.
- Kak, S. C. (1 January 1993). Astronomy of the vedic altars. Vistas in Astronomy: Part 1, 36, 117–140.
- Kak, Subhash C. "Archaeoastronomy and literature." Current Science 73.7 (1997): 624–627.
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