Primenjena etika
Primenjena etika se odnosi na praktičnu primenu moralnih razmatranja. To je etika usredsređena na dela realnog sveta i njihova moralna razmatranja u oblastima privatnog i javnog života, profesija, zdravlja, tehnologije, zakona i liderstva.[1] Na primer, bioetička zajednica bavi se identifikovanjem korektnog pristupa moralnim pitanjima nauke o životu, kao što su eutanazija, alokacija oskudnih zdravstvenih resursa, ili upotreba ljudskih embriona u istraživanju.[2][3][4] Ekološka etika bavi se ekološkim pitanjima, poput odgovornosti vlade i korporacija da očiste zagađenje.[5] Poslovna etika obuhvata pitanja koja se tiču obaveza ili dužnosti „uzbunjivača” za širu javnost ili njihove odanosti poslodavcima.[6]
Primenjena etika je proširila opseg etičkih studija izvan područja akademskog filozofskog diskursa.[7] Polje primenjene etike, u njegovom današnjem obliku, proizašlo je iz rasprava o brzom medicinskom i tehnološkom napretku tokom ranih 1970-ih i sada je uspostavljeno kao potdisciplina moralne filozofije. Međutim, primenjena etika je po svojoj prirodi multiprofesionalni predmet, jer zahteva specijalizovano razumevanje potencijalnih etičkih pitanja u oblastima kao što su medicina, biznis ili informaciona tehnologija. U današnje vreme, etički kodeksi ponašanja postoje u gotovo svakoj profesiji.[8]
Primenjeni etički pristup ispitivanju moralnih dilema može da poprimi mnoštvo različitih oblika. Jedan od najuticajnijih i najčešće korišćenih pristupa u bioetici i zdravstvenoj etici je četveroprincipni pristup koji su razvili Tom Bošamp i Džejms Čildres.[9] Njihov pristup, koji se obično naziva principlizam, uključuje razmatranje i primenu četiri prima facie etička principa: autonomija, nezloćudnost, dobročinstvo i pravda.
Osnova teorije
[уреди | уреди извор]Primenjena etika se razlikuje od normativne etike, koja se odnosi na standarde za ispravno i pogrešno ponašanje, i od metaetike koja se odnosi na prirodu etičkih svojstava, izjava, stavova i procena.[10]
Iako se ove tri oblasti etike razlikuju, one su takođe međusobno povezane. Upotreba primenjenog etičkog pristupa često se zasniva na određenim normativnim etičkim teorijama, kao što su sledeće:
- Utilitarizam, gde se praktične posledice različitih pristupa vrednuju pod pretpostavkom da će pravi pristup biti onaj koji ima za posledicu najveću sreću. Glavni razvoji ove teorije su ostvareni zaslugama Džeremija Bentama i Džona Stjuarta Mila, koji su pravili razliku između delovanja i vladavine utilitarističkog morala. Kasniji razvoji su isto tako doveli do prilagođavanja teorije, pri čemu su najpoznatiji doprinosi Henrija Sidžika koji je uveo ideju motiva ili namere u moralnost, i Pitera Singera koji je uveo ideju preferencije u donošenju moralnih odluka.
- Deontološka etika, skup pojmova koji se zasnivaju na 'pravilima', tj. pretpostavci postojanja obaveze izvršavanja 'ispravne' radnje, bez obzira na stvarne posledice (što je iskazano po zamisli Imanuela Kanta o kategoričkom imperativu, koja je bila centar Kantove etičke teorije zasnovane na dužnosti). Jedna druga ključna deontološka teorija je Prirodni zakon, koji je snažno razvio Toma Akvinski i važan je deo učenja katoličke crkve o moralima.
- Etika vrline koja proizlazi iz aristotelovskih i konfučijanskih shvatanja, koja tvrdi da će ispravna akcija biti ona koju izabere odgovarajući 'vrli' agent.
Reference
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ "Applied Ethics" Oxford Bibliographies. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
- ^ "Disability and Health Care Rationing" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
- ^ "Voluntary Euthanasia" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
- ^ "Ethics of Stem Cell Research" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
- ^ "Environmental Ethics" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
- ^ "Business Ethics" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
- ^ Bayertz, K. (2002) Self-enlightenment of Applied Ethics, in: Chadwick, R and Schroeder, D. (eds.) Applied Ethics, Vol1. 36-51, London: Routledge
- ^ Giorgini, V., Mecca, J. T., Gibson, C., Medeiros, K., Mumford, M. D., Connelly, S., & Devenport, L. D. (2015). Researcher perceptions of ethical guidelines and codes of conduct. Accountability in research, 22(3), 123-138.
- ^ Beauchamp, T. L. and Childress, J. F. (1994) Principles of medical ethics, New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^ "Applied Ethics" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
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Spoljašnje veze
[уреди | уреди извор]Библиотечки ресурси о Primenjena etika |
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- Standard Bibliography PhilPapers Applied Ethics - Bibliography - PhilPapers
- Chris Young, How to teach an introduction to applied ethics
- Australian Association for Professional and Applied Ethics
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins Institute Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (24. октобар 2018)
- Canadian Centre for Ethics in Public Affairs
- Centre for Advanced Research in Management and Applied Ethics
- Center for Practical Bioethics
- Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics
- MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics
- Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University
- W. Maurice Young Centre for Applied Ethics at the University of British Columbia
- Nuffield Council on Bioethics
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