Скелари
| Скелари (Hesperiidae) | |
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| Pelopidas sp. | |
| Научна класификација | |
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| Натпородица: | Hesperioidea
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| Породица: | Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809
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| Типска врста | |
| Hesperia comma Linnaeus, 1758
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| Потпородице[1] | |
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Скелари (лат. Hesperiidae) су фамилија дневних лептира. Скелари су еволутивно најстарији дневни лептири. Фамилија броји око 3.500 врста, распрострањених по целом свету, али највећи број врста живи у неотропским областима Централне и Јужне Америке.[2]
Карактеристике и Систематика
[уреди | уреди извор]Систематика
[уреди | уреди извор]Скелари се сврставају у натфамилију Hesperioidea, зато што се морфолошки разликују од осталих дневних лептира (Rhopalocera), који се сврставају у натфамилију Papilionoidea. Трећа, релативно мала натфамилија је Hedylidae у коју спадају мољци-лептири, који живе у неотропским областима, а броји 35 врста лептира из само једног рода - Macrosoma.
Карактеристике
[уреди | уреди извор]Карактеристике које скеларе одвајају од осталих лептира су снажно тело, велико у односу на крила, крупне очи и размакнути корени антена.
Скелари у Европи
[уреди | уреди извор]
У Европи живе 72 врсте скелара, подељених у 4 потфамилије. Те потфамилије су Coeliadinae, Hesperiinae, Heteropterinae и Pyrginae. Из потфамилије Coeliadinae у Европи је присутна једна врста, из потфамилије Hesperiinae 18 врста, иѕ потфамилије Heteropterinae 6 врста и из потфамилије Pyrginae 47 врста.
Скелари у Србији
[уреди | уреди извор]У Србији су присутне 24 врсте скелара, у потфамилији Pyrginae 17 врста, у потфамилији Heteropterinae 2 врсте и у потфамилији Hesperiinae 5 врста.
Списак скелара у Србији
[уреди | уреди извор]- Erynnis tages
- Carcharodus lavatherae
- Carcharodus flocciferus
- Carcharodus orientalis
- Carcharodus alceae
- Muschampia cribrellum
- Muschampia proto
- Spialia orbifer
- Spialia phlomidis
- Pyrgus sidae
- Pyrgus carthami
- Pyrgus cinarae
- Pyrgus serratulae
- Pyrgus malvae
- Pyrgus andromedae
- Pyrgus alveus
- Pyrgus armoricanus
- Heteropterus morpheus
- Carterocephalus palaemon
- Thymelicus sylvestris
- Thymelicus lineola
- Thymelicus acteon
- Ochlodes sylvanus
- Hesperia comma
Класификација
[уреди | уреди извор]Родови
[уреди | уреди извор]- Achalarus Scudder, 1872
- Achlyodes Hübner, 1819
- Adopaeoides Godman, 1900
- Agathymus H. Freeman, 1959
- Aguna R. Williams, 1927
- Amblyscirtes Scudder, 1872
- Anastrus Hübner, 1824
- Anatrytone Dyar, 1905
- Ancyloxypha C. Felder, 1863
- Antigonus Hübner, 1819
- Apyrrothrix Lindsey, 1921
- Arotis Mabille, 1904
- Arteurotia Butler and H. Druce, 1872
- Asbolis Mabille, 1904
- Astraptes Hübner, 1819
- Atalopedes Scudder, 1872
- Atrytone Scudder, 1872
- Atrytonopsis Godman, 1900
- Autochton Hübner, 1823
- Bolla Mabille, 1903
- Cabares Godman and Salvin, 1894
- Callimormus Scudder, 1872
- Calpodes Hübner, 1819
- Carrhenes Godman and Salvin, 1895
- Carterocephalus Lederer, 1852
- Celaenorrhinus Hübner, 1819
- Celotes Godman and Salvin, 1899
- Cephise Evans, 1952
- Chioides Lindsey, 1921
- Chiomara Godman and Salvin, 1899
- Choranthus Scudder, 1872
- Codatractus Lindsey, 1921
- Cogia Butler, 1870
- Conga Evans, 1955
- Copaeodes Speyer, 1877
- Corticea Evans, 1955
- Cymaenes Scudder, 1872
- Decinea Evans, 1955
- Dyscophellus Godman and Salvin, 1893
- Eantis Boisduval, 1836
- Epargyreus Hübner, 1819
- Ephyriades Hübner, 1819
- Erionota Mabille, 1878
- Erynnis Schrank, 1801
- Euphyes Scudder, 1872
- Gesta Evans, 1953
- Gorgythion Godman and Salvin, 1896
- Grais Godman and Salvin, 1894
- Heliopetes Billberg, 1820
- Heliopyrgus Herrera, 1957
- Hesperia Fabricius, 1793
- Hesperopsis Dyar, 1905
- Hylephila Billberg, 1820
- Lerema Scudder, 1872
- Lerodea Scudder, 1872
- Megathymus Scudder, 1872
- Monca Evans, 1955
- Mylon Godman and Salvin, 1894
- Nastra Evans, 1955
- Nisoniades Hübner, 1819
- Noctuana E. Bell, 1937
- Notamblyscirtes Scott, 2006
- Nyctelius Hayward, 1948
- Oarisma Scudder, 1872
- Ochlodes Scudder, 1872
- Oileides Hübner, 1825
- Oligoria Scudder, 1872
- Panoquina Hemming, 1934
- Paratrytone Godman, 1900
- Pellicia Herrich-Schäffer, 1870
- Perichares Scudder, 1872
- Phocides Hübner, 1819
- Pholisora Scudder, 1872
- Piruna Evans, 1955
- Poanes Scudder, 1872
- Polites Scudder, 1872
- Polygonus Hübner, 1825
- Polythrix E. Watson, 1893
- Pompeius Evans, 1955
- Problema Skinner and R. Williams, 1924
- Proteides Hübner, 1819
- Pseudocopaeodes Skinner and R. Williams, 1923
- Pyrgus Hübner, 1819
- Quasimellana Burns, 1994
- Rhinthon Godman, 1900
- Sostrata Godman and Salvin, 1895
- Spathilepia Butler, 1870
- Stallingsia H. Freeman, 1959
- Staphylus Godman and Salvin, 1896
- Stinga Evans, 1955
- Synapte Mabille, 1904
- Systasea W. H. Edwards, 1877
- Tagiades Hübner, 1819
- Thespieus Godman, 1900
- Thessia Steinhauser, 1989
- Thorybes Scudder, 1872
- Thymelicus Hübner, 1819
- Timochares Godman and Salvin, 1896
- Typhedanus Butler, 1870
- Urbanus Hübner, 1807
- Vettius Godman, 1901
- Vidius Evans, 1955
- Wallengrenia Berg, 1897
- Windia H. Freeman, 1969
- Xenophanes Godman and Salvin, 1895
- Zestusa Lindsey, 1925
Врсте
[уреди | уреди извор]- Achalarus albociliatus (Mabille, 1877)
- Achalarus casica (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
- Achalarus lyciades (Geyer, 1832)
- Achalarus toxeus (Plötz, 1882)
- Achlyodes pallida (R. Felder, 1869)
- Adopaeoides prittwitzi (Plötz, 1884)
- Agathymus alliae (D. Stallings and Turner, 1957)
- Agathymus aryxna (Dyar, 1905)
- Agathymus baueri (D. Stallings and Turner, 1954)
- Agathymus estelleae (D. Stallings and Turner, 1958)
- Agathymus evansi (H. Freeman, 1950)
- Agathymus gentryi Roever in T. Emmel, 1998
- Agathymus gilberti H. Freeman, 1964
- Agathymus mariae (W. Barnes and Benjamin, 1924)
- Agathymus neumoegeni (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
- Agathymus polingi (Skinner, 1905)
- Agathymus remingtoni (D. Stallings and Turner, 1958)
- Agathymus stephensi (Skinner, 1912)
- Aguna asander (Hewitson, 1867)
- Aguna claxon Evans, 1952
- Aguna metophis (Latreille, 1824)
- Amblyscirtes aenus W. H. Edwards, 1878
- Amblyscirtes aesculapius (Fabricius, 1793)
- Amblyscirtes alternata (Grote and Robinson, 1867)
- Amblyscirtes belli H. Freeman, 1941
- Amblyscirtes carolina (Skinner, 1892)
- Amblyscirtes cassus W. H. Edwards, 1883
- Amblyscirtes celia Skinner, 1895
- Amblyscirtes elissa Godman, 1900
- Amblyscirtes eos (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
- Amblyscirtes exoteria (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
- Amblyscirtes fimbriata (Plötz, 1882)
- Amblyscirtes hegon (Scudder, 1863)
- Amblyscirtes linda H. Freeman, 1943
- Amblyscirtes nereus (W. H. Edwards, 1876)
- Amblyscirtes nysa W. H. Edwards, 1877
- Amblyscirtes oslari (Skinner, 1899)
- Amblyscirtes phylace (W. H. Edwards, 1878)
- Amblyscirtes reversa F. Jones, 1926
- Amblyscirtes texanae E. Bell, 1927
- Amblyscirtes tolteca Scudder, 1872
- Amblyscirtes vialis (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
- Anastrus sempiternus (Butler and H. Druce, 1872)
- Anatrytone logan (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
- Anatrytone mazai (H. Freeman, 1969)
- Anatrytone potosiensis (H. Freeman, 1969)
- Ancyloxypha arene (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
- Ancyloxypha numitor (Fabricius, 1793)
- Antigonus emorsa (R. Felder, 1869)
- Antigonus erosus (Hübner, 1812)
- Apyrrothrix araxes (Hewitson, 1867)
- Arteurotia tractipennis Butler and H. Druce, 1872
- Asbolis capucinus (Lucas, 1857)
- Astraptes alardus (Stoll, 1790)
- Astraptes alector (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1867)
- Astraptes anaphus (Cramer, 1777)
- Astraptes brevicauda (Plötz, 1886)
- Astraptes egregius (Butler, 1870)
- Astraptes fulgerator (Walch, 1775)
- Astraptes galesus (Mabille, 1888)
- Astraptes latimargo (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
- Atalopedes campestris (Boisduval, 1852)
- Atalopedes flaveola (Mabille, 1891)
- Atrytone arogos (Boisduval and Le Conte, 1837)
- Atrytonopsis cestus (W. H. Edwards, 1884)
- Atrytonopsis deva (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
- Atrytonopsis edwardsi W. Barnes and McDunnough, 1916
- Atrytonopsis hianna (Scudder, 1868)
- Atrytonopsis loammi (Whitney, 1876)
- Atrytonopsis lunus (W. H. Edwards, 1884)
- Atrytonopsis pittacus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
- Atrytonopsis python (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
- Atrytonopsis vierecki (Skinner, 1902)
- Autochton cellus (Boisduval and Le Conte, 1837)
- Autochton cincta (Plötz, 1882)
- Autochton pseudocellus (Coolidge and Clemence, 1910)
- Bolla brennus (Godman and Salvin, 1896)
- Bolla clytius (Godman and Salvin, 1897)
- Cabares potrillo (Lucas, 1857)
- Callimormus saturnus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
- Calpodes ethlius (Stoll, 1782)
- Carrhenes canescens (R. Felder, 1869)
- Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas, 1771)
- Celaenorrhinus fritzgaertneri (Bailey, 1880)
- Celaenorrhinus stallingsi H. Freeman, 1946
- Celotes limpia Burns, 1974
- Celotes nessus (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
- Cephise aelius (Plötz, 1880)
- Cephise auginulus (Godman and Salvin, 1893)
- Cephise procerus (Plötz, 1880)
- Chioides albofasciatus (Hewitson, 1867)
- Chioides catillus (Cramer, 1780)
- Chioides zilpa (Butler, 1872)
- Chiomara asychis (Stoll in Cramer, 1780)
- Chiomara georgina (Reakirt, 1868)
- Chiomara mithrax (Möschler, 1879)
- Choranthus haitensis (Skinner, 1920)
- Choranthus radians (Lucas, 1857)
- Choranthus vitellius (Fabricius, 1793)
- Codatractus alcaeus (Hewitson, 1867)
- Codatractus arizonensis (Skinner, 1905)
- Codatractus melon (Godman and Salvin, 1893)
- Codatractus valeriana (Plötz, 1881)
- Cogia caicus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
- Cogia calchas (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
- Cogia hippalus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
- Cogia outis (Skinner, 1894)
- Conga chydaea (Butler, 1877)
- Copaeodes aurantiaca (Hewitson, 1868)
- Copaeodes minima (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
- Corticea corticea (Plötz, 1882)
- Cymaenes odilia (Burmeister, 1878)
- Cymaenes trebius (Mabille, 1891)
- Cymaenes tripunctus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
- Decinea decinea (Hewitson, 1876)
- Decinea huasteca (H. Freeman, 1969)
- Decinea percosius (Godman, 1900)
- Dyscophellus euribates (Stoll, 1782)
- Eantis peruvianus Mabille and Boullet, 1917
- Eantis tamenund (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
- Eantis thraso (Hübner, 1807)
- Epargyreus clarus (Cramer, 1775)
- Epargyreus exadeus (Cramer, 1779)
- Epargyreus zestos (Geyer, 1832)
- Ephyriades brunnea (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
- Erionota thrax (Linnaeus, 1767)
- Erionota torus Evans, 1941
- Erynnis afranius (Lintner, 1878)
- Erynnis baptisiae (W. Forbes, 1936)
- Erynnis brizo (Boisduval and Le Conte, 1837)
- Erynnis funeralis (Scudder and Burgess, 1870)
- Erynnis horatius (Scudder and Burgess, 1870)
- Erynnis icelus (Scudder and Burgess, 1870)
- Erynnis juvenalis (Fabricius, 1793)
- Erynnis lucilius (Scudder and Burgess, 1870)
- Erynnis martialis (Scudder, 1870)
- Erynnis meridianus E. Bell, 1927
- Erynnis pacuvius (Lintner, 1878)
- Erynnis persius (Scudder, 1863)
- Erynnis propertius (Scudder and Burgess, 1870)
- Erynnis scudderi (Skinner, 1914)
- Erynnis tages (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Erynnis telemachus Burns, 1960
- Erynnis tristis (Boisduval, 1852)
- Erynnis zarucco (Lucas, 1857)
- Euphyes arpa (Boisduval and Le Conte, 1837)
- Euphyes bayensis Shuey, 1989
- Euphyes berryi (E. Bell, 1941)
- Euphyes bimacula (Grote and Robinson, 1867)
- Euphyes conspicua (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
- Euphyes dion (W. H. Edwards, 1879)
- Euphyes dukesi (Lindsey, 1923)
- Euphyes pilatka (W. H. Edwards, 1867)
- Euphyes vestris (Boisduval, 1852)
- Gesta gesta (Herrich-Schäffer, 1863)
- Gesta invisus (Butler and H. Druce, 1872)
- Gorgythion begga (Prittwitz, 1868)
- Grais stigmaticus (Mabille, 1883)
- Heliopetes arsalte (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Heliopetes ericetorum (Boisduval, 1852)
- Heliopetes laviana (Hewitson, 1868)
- Heliopetes macaira (Reakirt, 1867)
- Heliopyrgus domicella (Erichson, 1849)
- Heliopyrgus sublinea (Schaus, 1902)
- Hesperia assiniboia (Lyman, 1892)
- Hesperia attalus (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
- Hesperia colorado (Scudder, 1874)
- Hesperia columbia (Scudder, 1872)
- Hesperia comma (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Hesperia dacotae (Skinner, 1911)
- Hesperia juba (Scudder, 1874)
- Hesperia leonardus T. Harris, 1862
- Hesperia lindseyi (W. Holland, 1930)
- Hesperia meskei (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
- Hesperia metea Scudder, 1863
- Hesperia miriamae MacNeill, 1959
- Hesperia nevada (Scudder, 1874)
- Hesperia ottoe W. H. Edwards, 1866
- Hesperia pahaska Leussler, 1938
- Hesperia sassacus T. Harris, 1862
- Hesperia uncas W. H. Edwards, 1863
- Hesperia viridis (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
- Hesperia woodgatei (R. Williams, 1914)
- Hesperopsis alpheus (W. H. Edwards, 1876)
- Hesperopsis gracielae (MacNeill, 1970)
- Hesperopsis libya (Scudder, 1878)
- Hylephila phyleus (Drury, 1773)
- Lerema accius (J. E. Smith, 1797)
- Lerema liris Evans, 1955
- Lerodea arabus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
- Lerodea eufala (W. H. Edwards, 1869)
- Megathymus cofaqui (Strecker, 1876)
- Megathymus streckeri (Skinner, 1895)
- Megathymus ursus Poling, 1902
- Megathymus yuccae (Boisduval and Le Conte, 1837)
- Monca crispinus (Plötz, 1882)
- Mylon pelopidas (Fabricius, 1793)
- Nastra julia (H. Freeman, 1945)
- Nastra lherminier (Latreille, 1824)
- Nastra neamathla (Skinner and R. Williams, 1923)
- Nisoniades rubescens (Möschler, 1877)
- Noctuana stator (Godman and Salvin, 1899)
- Notamblyscirtes simius (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
- Nyctelius nyctelius (Latreille, 1824)
- Oarisma edwardsii (W. Barnes, 1897)
- Oarisma garita (Reakirt, 1866)
- Oarisma poweshiek (Parker, 1870)
- Ochlodes agricola (Boisduval, 1852)
- Ochlodes sylvanoides (Boisduval, 1852)
- Ochlodes yuma (W. H. Edwards, 1873)
- Oligoria maculata (W. H. Edwards, 1865)
- Panoquina errans (Skinner, 1892)
- Panoquina evansi (H. Freeman, 1946)
- Panoquina fusina (Hewitson, 1868)
- Panoquina hecebolus (Scudder, 1872)
- Panoquina lucas (Fabricius, 1793)
- Panoquina ocola (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
- Panoquina panoquin (Scudder, 1863)
- Panoquina panoquinoides (Skinner, 1891)
- Paratrytone snowi (W. H. Edwards, 1877)
- Pellicia angra Evans, 1953
- Pellicia arina Evans, 1953
- Pellicia dimidiata Herrich-Schäffer, 1870
- Perichares philetes (Gmelin, 1790)
- Phocides belus Godman and Salvin, 1890
- Phocides pigmalion (Cramer, 1779)
- Phocides polybius (Fabricius, 1793)
- Phocides urania (Westwood, 1852)
- Phocides vulcanides Röber, 1925
- Pholisora catullus (Fabricius, 1793)
- Pholisora mejicanus (Reakirt, 1867)
- Piruna aea (Dyar, 1912)
- Piruna haferniki H. Freeman, 1970
- Piruna microstictus (Godman, 1900)
- Piruna penaea (Dyar, 1918)
- Piruna pirus (W. H. Edwards, 1878)
- Piruna polingii (W. Barnes, 1900)
- Poanes aaroni (Skinner, 1890)
- Poanes hobomok (T. Harris, 1862)
- Poanes massasoit (Scudder, 1863)
- Poanes melane (W. H. Edwards, 1869)
- Poanes taxiles (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
- Poanes viator (W. H. Edwards, 1865)
- Poanes yehl (Skinner, 1893)
- Poanes zabulon (Boisduval and Le Conte, 1837)
- Polites baracoa (Lucas, 1857)
- Polites carus (W. H. Edwards, 1883)
- Polites draco (W. H. Edwards, 1871)
- Polites mardon (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
- Polites mystic (W. H. Edwards, 1863)
- Polites origenes (Fabricius, 1793)
- Polites peckius (W. Kirby, 1837)
- Polites rhesus (W. H. Edwards, 1878)
- Polites sabuleti (Boisduval, 1852)
- Polites sonora (Scudder, 1872)
- Polites subreticulata (Plötz, 1883)
- Polites themistocles (Latreille, 1824)
- Polites vibex (Geyer, 1832)
- Polygonus leo (Gmelin, 1790)
- Polygonus savigny (Latreille, 1824)
- Polythrix asine (Hewitson, 1867)
- Polythrix mexicanus H. Freeman, 1969
- Polythrix octomaculata (Sepp, 1844)
- Pompeius verna (W. H. Edwards, 1862)
- Problema bulenta (Boisduval and Le Conte, 1837)
- Problema byssus (W. H. Edwards, 1880)
- Proteides mercurius (Fabricius, 1787)
- Pseudocopaeodes eunus (W. H. Edwards, 1881)
- Pyrgus albescens Plötz, 1884
- Pyrgus centaureae (Rambur, 1842)
- Pyrgus communis (Grote, 1872)
- Pyrgus oileus (Linnaeus, 1767)
- Pyrgus philetas W. H. Edwards, 1881
- Pyrgus ruralis (Boisduval, 1852)
- Pyrgus scriptura (Boisduval, 1852)
- Pyrgus xanthus W. H. Edwards, 1878
- Quasimellana eulogius (Plötz, 1882)
- Quasimellana mexicana (E. Bell, 1942)
- Rhinthon osca (Plötz, 1882)
- Sostrata bifasciata (Ménétriés, 1829)
- Sostrata nordica Evans, 1953
- Spathilepia clonius (Cramer, 1775)
- Stallingsia maculosus (H. Freeman, 1955)
- Staphylus azteca (Scudder, 1872)
- Staphylus ceos (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
- Staphylus hayhurstii (W. H. Edwards, 1870)
- Staphylus mazans (Reakirt, 1867)
- Stinga morrisoni (W. H. Edwards, 1878)
- Synapte malitiosa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865)
- Synapte pecta Evans, 1955
- Synapte salenus (Mabille, 1883)
- Synapte shiva (Evans, 1955)
- Synapte syraces (Godman, 1901)
- Systasea pulverulenta (R. Felder, 1869)
- Systasea zampa (W. H. Edwards, 1876)
- Tagiades insularis Mabille, 1876
- Thespieus macareus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
- Thessia jalapus (Plötz, 1881)
- Thorybes bathyllus (J. E. Smith, 1797)
- Thorybes confusis E. Bell, 1923
- Thorybes diversus E. Bell, 1927
- Thorybes drusius (W. H. Edwards, 1884)
- Thorybes mexicana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869)
- Thorybes pylades (Scudder, 1870)
- Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer, 1808)
- Timochares ruptifasciata (Plötz, 1884)
- Typhedanus undulatus (Hewitson, 1867)
- Urbanus belli (Hayward, 1935)
- Urbanus dorantes (Stoll, 1790)
- Urbanus doryssus (Swainson, 1831)
- Urbanus esmeraldus (Butler, 1877)
- Urbanus procne (Plötz, 1881)
- Urbanus pronus Evans, 1952
- Urbanus proteus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Urbanus simplicius (Stoll, 1790)
- Urbanus tanna Evans, 1952
- Urbanus teleus (Hübner, 1821)
- Urbanus velinus (Plötz, 1880)
- Vettius fantasos (Cramer, 1780)
- Vidius perigenes (Godman, 1900)
- Wallengrenia egeremet (Scudder, 1863)
- Wallengrenia otho (J. E. Smith, 1797)
- Windia windi H. Freeman, 1969
- Xenophanes tryxus (Stoll in Cramer, 1780)
- Zestusa dorus (W. H. Edwards, 1882)
Извори
[уреди | уреди извор]
Литература
[уреди | уреди извор]
- Ackery, P.R.; de Jong, R.; Vane-Wright, R.I. (1999). The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidae. In: Kristensen, N.P. (ed.): Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta, Part 35: Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies Vol.1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. стр. 263—300.
- Brower, Andrew V.Z.; Warren, Andrew (2008). „Tree of Life Web Project – Hesperiidae Version of 7. 4. 2008. Retrieved 24. 12. 2009.”.
- Brower, Andrew V. Z. & Warren, Andrew (2006). "The higher classification of the Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea)". Retrieved October 26, 2012.
- Evans, W. H. (1951). "A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum (Natural History). Part I. Pyrrhophyginae". London, British Museum. 92 pp. + p15. 1–9.
- Evans, W. H. (1952). "A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum (Natural History). Part II. Pyrginae. Section I". London, British Museum. 178 pp. + pls. 10–25.
- Evans, W. H. (1953). "A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum (Natural History). Part III. Pyrginae. Section II". London, British Museum. 246 pp. + pls. 26–53.
- Evans, W. H. (1955). "A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum (Natural History). Part IV. Hesperiinae and Megathyminae". London, British Museum. 499 pp. + pls. 54–88.
- Heikkilä, M.; Kaila, L.; Mutanen, M.; Peña, C. & Wahlberg, N. (2012). "Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279(1731), 1093–1099.
- Kawahara, A. Y., & Breinholt, J. W. (2014). "Phylogenomics provides strong evidence for relationships of butterflies and moths". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1788), 20140970.
- Korolev, Vladimir A. (2014). "Catalogus on the collection of Lepidoptera. Part I. Hesperiidae". Moscow, 310 p. ISBN 978-5-00077-066-5
- Glassberg, Jeffrey Butterflies through Binoculars, The West (2001)
- Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H. Butterflies of British Columbia (2001)
- James, David G. and Nunnallee, David Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies (2011)
- Pelham, Jonathan Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada (2008)
- Pyle, Robert Michael The Butterflies of Cascadia (2002)
Спољашње везе
[уреди | уреди извор]
Викиврсте имају више информација о чланку Скелари.
- Hesperiidae
- leptiri.beograd.com
- „Family Hesperiidae”. Insecta.pro. Приступљено 6. 2. 2020.
- Nearctica North America (Index page)
- Skippers of North America: Large format diagnostic photographs Cirrus Digital Imaging
- Internet Archive Free download of Watson, E.Y. 1891 Hesperiidae Indicae: Being a reprint of descriptions of the Hesperiidae of India, Burma, and Ceylon
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