1710 (MDCCX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1710th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 710th year of the 2nd millennium, the 10th year of the 18th century, and the 1st year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1710, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

• Beijing becomes the largest city in the world.
• April 10 – The world's first copyright legislation became effective, Britain's Statute of Anne.
• June – Swiss and Palatine German Protestants under the leadership of Christoph von Graffenried travel to Bath County in the Province of Carolina. The settlers displace the native town of Chattoka and found New Bern, named for von Graffenried's hometown of Berne, Switzerland.
• June 8 – The Tuscarora nation sends a petition to the Province of Pennsylvania protesting the seizure of their lands and enslavement of their people by citizens of the Province of Carolina.
• October 10 – Estonia is annexed by Russia.

• January 3 – Richard Gridley, American Revolutionary soldier (died 1796)
• January 4 – Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer (died 1736)
• February 15 – King Louis XV of France (died 1774)
• April 15 – William Cullen, Scottish physician and chemist (died 1790)
• April 17 – Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan, British Freemason (died 1767)
• April 25 – James Ferguson, Scottish astronomer (died 1776)
• April 26 – Thomas Reid, Scottish philosopher (died 1796)
• April 30 – Johann Kaspar Basselet von La Rosée, Bavarian general (died 1795)
• May 14 – King Adolf Frederick of Sweden (died 1771)
• May 16 – William Talbot, 1st Earl Talbot, English politician (died 1782)
• June 10 – James Short, Scottish mathematician and optician (died 1768)
• July 21 – Paul Möhring, German physician and scientist (died 1792)
• August 20 – Thomas Simpson, British mathematician (died 1761)
• September 3 – Abraham Trembley, Swiss naturalist (died 1784)
• September 30 – John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, British statesman (d. 1771)
• October 12 – Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of the Colony and the state of Connecticut (died 1785)
• October 16 – Andreas Hadik, Austro-Hungarian general (died 1790)
• October 24 – Alban Butler, English Catholic priest and writer (died 1773)
• November 8 – Sarah Fielding, English writer (died 1768)
• November 10 – Adam Gottlob Moltke, Danish statesman (died 1792)
• November 13 – Charles Simon Favart, French dramatist (died 1792)
• November 22 – Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, German composer (died 1784)
• November 27 – Robert Lowth, English bishop and amateur grammarian (died 1787)
• December 2 – Bertinazzi, Italian actor and writer (died 1783)

• January 16 – Emperor Higashiyama of Japan (born 1675)
• January 21 – Johann Georg Gichtel, German mystic (born 1638)
• February 16 – Esprit Fléchier, French writer and Bishop of Nîmes (born 1632)
• March 4 – Louis III, Prince of Condé (born 1668)
• April 28 – Thomas Betterton, English actor (born c.1635)
• June 1 – David Mitchell, British admiral (born 1642)
• September 19 – Ole Rømer, Danish astronomer (born 1644)