Permian
| Permian | |||||||||||||
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| Chronology | |||||||||||||
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| Etymology | |||||||||||||
| Name formality | Formal | ||||||||||||
| Usage information | |||||||||||||
| Regional usage | Global (ICS) | ||||||||||||
| Time scale(s) used | ICS Time Scale | ||||||||||||
| Definition | |||||||||||||
| Chronological unit | Period | ||||||||||||
| Stratigraphic unit | System | ||||||||||||
| Time span formality | Formal | ||||||||||||
| Lower boundary definition | FAD of the Conodont Streptognathodus isolatus within the morphotype Streptognathodus wabaunsensis chronocline. | ||||||||||||
| Lower boundary GSSP | Aidaralash, Ural Mountains, Kazakhstan 50°14′45″N 57°53′29″E / 50.2458°N 57.8914°E | ||||||||||||
| GSSP ratified | 1996[2] | ||||||||||||
| Upper boundary definition | FAD of the Conodont Hindeodus parvus. | ||||||||||||
| Upper boundary GSSP | Meishan, Zhejiang, China 31°04′47″N 119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E | ||||||||||||
| GSSP ratified | 2001[3] | ||||||||||||
Permian යනු වසර මිලියන 299-252 කට පෙර, එනම් Paleozoic යුගයේ හයවන සහ අවසාන කාලපරිච්ඡේදය වේ.
ආශ්රිත
[සංස්කරණය]- List of fossil sites (with link directory)
- Olson's Extinction
- List of Permian tetrapods
මූලාශ්ර
[සංස්කරණය]- ^ "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
- ^ Davydov, Vladimir; Glenister, Brian; Spinosa, Claude; Ritter, Scott; Chernykh, V.; Wardlaw, B.; Snyder, W. (March 1998). "Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System" (PDF). Episodes. 21: 11–18. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i1/003. සම්ප්රවේශය 7 December 2020.
- ^ Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (2): 102–114. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/004. සම්ප්රවේශය 8 December 2020.
භාහිර සබැඳි
[සංස්කරණය]
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Paleozoic#Permian
Permian හා සබැඳි මාධ්ය විකිමාධ්ය කොමන්ස් හි ඇත.
- University of California offers a more modern Permian stratigraphy
- Classic Permian strata in the Glass Mountains of the Permian Basin
- "International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)". Geologic Time Scale 2004. සම්ප්රවේශය September 19, 2005.
- Examples of Permian Fossils
- Permian (chronostratigraphy scale)
- Schneebeli-Hermann, Elke (2012), "Extinguishing a Permian World", Geology 40 (3): 287–288, ,
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මහ පොළොවේ භූවේදාත්මක ඉතිහාසය | |||||||||||||
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| Cenozoic Era (present–66.0 Ma) |
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| Mesozoic Era (66.0–252 Ma) |
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| Paleozoic Era (252–539 Ma) |
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| Proterozoic Eon (539 Ma–2.5 Ga) |
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| Archean Eon (2.5–4 Ga) |
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| Hadean Eon (4–4.6 Ga) | |||||||||||||
ka = kiloannum (thousands years ago); Ma = megaannum (millions years ago); Ga = gigaannum (billions years ago). See also: Geologic time scale •  Geology ද්වාරය •  World ද්වාරය | |||||||||||||
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