مدد:آءِ پي اي/Spanish
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Notes
[سنواريو]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 /b, d, ɡ, ʝ/ are pronounced as fricatives or approximants [β, ð, ɣ, ʝ] in all places except after a pause, /n/, or /m/, or, in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/, after /l/. In the latter environments, they are stops [b, d, ɡ, ɟʝ] like English b, d, g, j but are fully voiced in all positions, unlike in English. When it is distinct from /ʝ/, /ʎ/ is realized as an approximant [ʎ] in all positions (Martínez-Celdrán، Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003257-8).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Most speakers no longer distinguish /ʎ/ from /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect, however. See yeísmo and (Martínez-Celdrán، Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003258) for more information.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 The nasal consonants /n, m, ɲ/ contrast only before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation, which is partially reflected in the orthography. The three do not contrast at the end of a word; depending on dialect, the neutralized nasal may appear as [n], [ŋ], or nasalization of the preceding vowel.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 The rhotic consonants [r] and [ɾ] contrast only word-medially between vowels, where they are usually spelled ⟨rr⟩ and ⟨r⟩, respectively. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution: Word-initially, stem-initially, and after /l, n, s/, only [r] is found; before a consonant or pause, the two are interchangeable but [ɾ] is more common (hence so represented here); elsewhere, only [ɾ] is found. When two rhotics occur consecutively across a word or prefix boundary, they result in one long trill, which may be transcribed as [ɾr]: dar rocas [daɾ ˈrokas], super-rápido [supeɾˈrapiðo] (Hualde 2005184).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Northern and Central Spain distinguish between ⟨s⟩ (سانچو:IPAslink) and soft ⟨c⟩ or ⟨z⟩ (سانچو:IPAslink). Almost all other dialects treat the two as identical (which is called seseo) and pronounce them as سانچو:IPAslink. Contrary to yeísmo, seseo is not a phonemic merger but the outcome of a different evolution of sibilants in southern Spain in comparison with northern and central dialects. There is a small number of speakers, mostly in southern Spain, who pronounce the soft ⟨c⟩, ⟨z⟩ and even ⟨s⟩ as سانچو:IPAslink, a phenomenon called ceceo. See phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives and (Martínez-Celdrán، Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003258) for more information.
- ↑ In much of Hispanic America and in the southern half of Spain, /s/ in syllable-final positions is either pronounced as [h] or not pronounced at all. In transcriptions linked to this key, however, it is always represented by [s].
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 [v] and [z] are allophones of /f/ and /s/, respectively, found before voiced consonants.
- ↑ The letter ⟨x⟩ represents /x/ only in certain proper names like Ximena and some placenames in current or former Mexico (Oaxaca, Texas).
- ↑ The letter ⟨h⟩ represents /x/ only in loanwords; in native words, it is always silent.
- ↑ /ʃ/ is used only in loanwords and certain proper nouns. It is nonexistent in many dialects, being realized as [tʃ] or [s]; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].
- ↑ The semivowels [w] and [j] can be combined with vowels to form rising diphthongs (e.g. cielo, cuadro). Falling diphthongs (e.g. aire, rey, auto) are transcribed with [i] and [u].
- ↑ Some speakers may pronounce word-initial [w] with an epenthetic [ɡ]; e.g. Huila [ˈɡwila]~[ˈwila].
References
[سنواريو]- Hualde, José Ignacio, The Sounds of Spanish, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-54538-2
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina, "Castilian Spanish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/s0025100303001373
External links
[سنواريو]- Spanish Phonetic Transcription Converter—Free Online Tool to convert Spanish Text to IPA Phonetic Transcription
سانچو:IPA keys horizontal
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