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Principatul Ungariei

Principatul / Ducatul Ungariei[1][2][3][4][5]sau Ducatul Ungariei [6][7] (în limba maghiară: Magyar Nagyfejedelemség, „Marele Pricipat Maghiar”)[8] a fost cel mai vechi stat maghiar despre care există documente, fondat în Câmpia Panonică în 895 ori 896[9][10][11][12], care a urmat „descălecării” Panoniei.

Ungurii, un popor seminomad organizat într-o uniune de triburi[11][13][14][15], a fondat Principatul (Ducatul) Ungariei sub conducerea lui Árpád la începutul secolului al IX-lea[2]. EI au ajuns pe pământul pe care aveau să-și fondeze noul stat migrând din Etelköz, care fusese formațiunea lor statală inițială, aflată la est de Munții Carpați [16].

În sursele contemporane bizantine, această formațiune statală era cunoscută drept Tourkia apuseană (spre deosebire de Tourkia răsăriteană – Haganatul Hazar)[17][18]. Cărturarul evreu Hasdai ibn Shaprut numea entitatea statală pământul hungrinilor într-o scrisoare de pe la 960 către regele hazar Iosif[19].

Istoriografia maghiară numește întreaga perioadă 896 - 1000 „Perioada principatului”. Acestei perioade i-a urmat cea a Regatul creștin al Ungariei, apărut odată cu încoronarea ca rege a Sfântului Ștefan la Esztergom în ziua de Crăciun 1000 (sau poate 1 ianuarie 1001)[20][21][22]

  1. ^ S. Wise Bauer, The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade, W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, p. 586
  2. ^ a b George H. Hodos, The East-Central European region: an historical outline, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 19
  3. ^ Ferenc Glatz, Magyar Történelmi Társulat, Etudes historiques hongroises 1990: Environment and society in Hungary, Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1990, p. 10
  4. ^ Acta historica, Volumes 105-110, József Attila Tudom. Bölcs. Kar, 1998, p. 28
  5. ^ Oksana Buranbaeva, Vanja Mladineo, Culture and Customs of Hungary, ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 19
  6. ^ Colin Davies, The emergence of Western society: European history A.D. 300-1200, Macmillan, 1969, p. 181
  7. ^ Jennifer Lawler, Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire, McFarland & Co., 2004, p.13
  8. ^ Hadtörténelmi közlemények, Volume 114 , Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum, 2001, p. 131
  9. ^ The encyclopedia Americana, Volume 14, Grolier Incorporated, 2002, p. 581
  10. ^ Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1, Scholastic Library Pub., 2006, p. 581
  11. ^ a b Louis Komzsik, Cycles of Time: From Infinity to Eternity, Trafford Publishing, 2011 p. 54
  12. ^ Zahava Szász Stessel, Wine and thorns in Tokay Valley: Jewish life in Hungary : the history of Abaújszántó, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1995, p. 47
  13. ^ Peter Linehan,Janet Laughland Nelson. 2001. p. 79
  14. ^ Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov,André Wink. 2001. p. 103
  15. ^ Lendvai. 2003. p. 15
  16. ^ Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 15-29, p. 533
  17. ^ Peter B. Golden, Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs, Ashgate/Variorum, 2003. "Tenth-century Byzantine sources, speaking in cultural more than ethnic terms, acknowledged a wide zone of diffusion by referring to the Khazar lands as 'Eastern Tourkia' and Hungary as 'Western Tourkia.'" Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in the World History Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine., Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51, citing Peter B. Golden, 'Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Činggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia,' Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2 (1982), 37–76.
  18. ^ Carter V. Findley, The Turks in world history, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51
  19. ^ Raphael Patai, The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology, Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 29, ISBN 978-0814325612
  20. ^ University of British Columbia. Committee for Medieval Studies, Studies in medieval and renaissance history, Committee for Medieval Studies, University of British Columbia, 1980, p. 159
  21. ^ Peter F. Sugar,Péter Hanák [1] A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994, pp 12-17
  22. ^ Pál Engel, Tamás Pálosfalvi, Andrew Ayton, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526, .B.Tauris, 2005, p. 27
  • Madgearu, Alexandru (). „The Mission of Hierotheos: Location and Significance”. Byzantinoslavica. 66: 119–138. 
  • Madgearu, Alexandru (). „Further Considerations on Hierotheos' Mission to the Magyars”. Acta Musei Napocensis. 54 (2): 1–16. 
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Principatul Ungariei
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