Presidentens frihetsmedalje
Presidentens frihetsmedalje, «Presidential Medal of Freedom», er den ene av USAs to høyeste sivile utmerkelser. Den blir tildelt personer som har ytt et særskilt meritterende bidrag til den nasjonale sikkerheten eller nasjonale interesser for USA, for verdensfreden eller kulturelle eller andre betydningsfulle offentlige eller private bestrebelser.[1]
Medaljen ble opprettet av president John F. Kennedy i 1963.[2] Den bygger på Frihetsmedaljen, etablert av Harry S. Truman i 1945 for å hedre innsats under andre verdenskrig og for USAs sikkerhetsinteresser.[2][3] President Kennedy utvidet med Presidentens frihetsmedalje utmerkelsens virkeområde til også å gjelde innsats for samfunn, vitenskap og kultur.[2] Presidentens frihetsmedalje fikk videre en annen inndeling enn det Frihetsmedaljen hadde og fikk helt ny utforming.[2]
Mottakere (utvalg)
- Hank Aaron
- Dean Acheson
- Ansel Adams
- Muhammad Ali
- Marian Anderson
- Arnold Aronson[trenger referanse]
- Arthur Ashe
- Brooke Astor[4]
- Pearl Bailey
- James Baker
- George Balanchine
- Lucille Ball
- Robert L. Bartley
- Jacques Barzun
- Joseph Louis Bernardin
- Lloyd M. Bentsen
- Irving Berlin
- Joe Biden
- Tony Blair
- Omar Bradley
- James Brady
- Paul Bremer
- David Brinkley
- Edgar M. Bronfman jr.
- Bear Bryant
- Zbigniew Brzezinski
- William F. Buckley jr.
- Warren Burger
- Carol Burnett
- Edward W. Brooke
- James Cagney
- Johnny Carson
- Rachel Carson
- Jimmy Carter
- Rosalynn Carter
- Vinton G. Cerf
- César Chávez
- Richard Cheney
- Julia Child
- Wesley Clark
- Roberto Clemente[trenger referanse]
- Van Cliburn
- Robert Coles (1998)[5]
- Aaron Copland
- Bill Cosby
- Jacques-Yves Cousteau
- Ryan Crocker
- Walter Cronkite
- Doris Day
- Marlene Dietrich
- C. Douglas Dillon
- Joe DiMaggio
- Walt Disney
- Bob Dole
- Plácido Domingo[6]
- Jimmy Doolittle
- Kirk Douglas[7]
- Peter Drucker
- Evelyn Dubrow
- Will Durant
- John Foster Dulles
- Bob Dylan[8]
- T.S. Eliot
- Duke Ellington
- James Farmer
- Dante B. Fascell
- Sor Isolina Ferré
- Don Luis A. Ferré
- Zachary Fisher
- Ella Fitzgerald
- Betty Ford
- Gerald Ford
- John Ford
- Aretha Franklin
- Tommy Franks
- William Fulbright
- Buckminster Fuller
- Samuel Goldwyn
- Billy Graham
- Martha Graham
- Alan Greenspan
- Vartan Gregorian
- Gilbert M. Grosvenor
- Václav Havel
- Helen Hayes
- Audrey Hepburn
- Frances Hesselbein
- Charlton Heston
- Oliver White Hill
- Gordon B. Hinckley
- Eric Hoffer
- Bob Hope
- Hubert Humphrey
- Jesse Jackson
- Lyndon B. Johnson
- Barbara Jordan
- Max Kampelman
- Danny Kaye
- Helen Keller
- George F. Kennan
- Martin Luther King jr.
- Jeane Kirkpatrick
- Henry Kissinger
- Helmut Kohl
- C. Everett Koop
- Fred Korematsu
- Estee Lauder
- Rush Limbaugh
- Sol M. Linowitz
- Nelson Mandela
- Wilma Mankiller
- Luis Muñoz Marín
- Thurgood Marshall
- George McGovern
- Robert McNamara
- James Michener
- Rita Moreno
- Mor Teresa
- Daniel Patrick Moynihan
- Lewis Mumford (1964)[9]
- Margaret Murie
- Edward R. Murrow (1964)[10]
- Jack Nicklaus
- Mario G. Obledo
- Tip O'Neill
- Jesse Owens
- Arnold Palmer
- Antonia Pantojas
- Rosa Parks
- Arnall Patz
- Norman Vincent Peale
- Gregory Peck
- I.M. Pei
- William Perry
- Roger Tory Peterson
- Norman Podhoretz
- Colin Powell
- Nancy Reagan
- Ronald Reagan
- Elliot L. Richardson
- Hyman Rickover
- Jackie Robinson
- David Rockefeller
- Nelson Rockefeller
- Norman Rockwell
- Fred Rogers
- Donald Rumsfeld
- Anwar Sadat
- William Safire
- Jonas Salk
- Carl Sandburg
- Norman Schwarzkopf jr.
- Albert Shanker
- Frank Sinatra
- Kate Smith
- Margaret Chase Smith
- William Stephenson
- John Steinbeck
- Isaac Stern
- Jimmy Stewart
- Aung San Suu Kyi
- Edward Teller
- George Tenet
- Margaret Thatcher
- Dave Thomas
- Lowell Thomas
- Carl Vinson
- Sam Walton
- Earl Warren
- Edgar Wayburn (1999)[11]
- John Wayne
- Caspar Weinberger
- Byron White
- Elie Wiesel
- Simon Wiesenthal
- Thornton Wilder
- Ted Williams
- James Wilson
- Johannes Paul II
- John Wooden
- Walter B. Wriston
- Chuck Yeager
- Andrew Young
- Elmo R. Zumwalt jr.
- Denzel Washington[12]
- Desmond Tutu
Referanser
- ^ «Executive Orders». National Archives. 15. august 2016. Besøkt 14. januar 2017.
- ^ a b c d Executive Order 11085, wikisource.org.
- ^ Executive Order 9586, wikisource.org.
- ^ «Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Citizen's Medal to Brooke Astor». Ronald Reagan (engelsk). Besøkt 31. oktober 2023.
- ^ «National Medal Winner - Robert Coles». clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov. Besøkt 31. oktober 2023.
- ^ «President Honors Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom». georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. Besøkt 31. oktober 2023. «Placido Domingo has performed in more roles than any other tenor in the history of opera. His boundless admiration for the composers of the great operatic music makes him push himself to the limit. "They spend years creating operas," Placido has said, "lots of suffering and lots of sweating." Well, by suffering and sweating himself, Placido Domingo is making sure that the great music of the past will continue to delight opera lovers the world over.»
- ^ Kurtz, Judy (6. februar 2020). «Hollywood icon, Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient Kirk Douglas dead at 103». The Hill (engelsk). Besøkt 31. oktober 2023.
- ^ Stone, Rolling (29. mai 2012). «Bob Dylan Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom». Rolling Stone (engelsk). Besøkt 31. oktober 2023.
- ^ «Remarks at the Presentation of the 1964 Presidential Medal of Freedom Awards. | The American Presidency Project». www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Besøkt 31. oktober 2023. «Mr. Ball: Mr. Lewis Mumford. THE PRESIDENT. In the name of sanity, he has constantly worked to rescue and extend the qualities of urban life that will preserve and stimulate the humane spirit of western civilization.»
- ^ «Remarks at the Presentation of the 1964 Presidential Medal of Freedom Awards. | The American Presidency Project». www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Besøkt 31. oktober 2023. «Mr. Ball: Mr. Edward R. Murrow. THE PRESIDENT. A pioneer in education through mass communication, he has brought to all his endeavors the conviction that truth and personal integrity are the ultimate persuaders of men and nations.»
- ^ Thursby, Keith (8. mars 2010). «Edgar Wayburn dies at 103; longtime Sierra Club president helped double U.S. parkland». Los Angeles Times (engelsk). Besøkt 31. oktober 2023.
- ^ Chapman, Wilson (1. juli 2022). «Denzel Washington to Receive Presidential Medal of Freedom». Variety (engelsk). Besøkt 31. oktober 2023.
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