Ir-Rinaxximent huwa perjodu fl-istorja Ewropea li jimmarka t-tranżizzjoni mill-Medju Evu għall-modernità u li jkopri s-sekli 15 u 16, ikkaratterizzati minn sforz biex jitqanqlu u jiġu superati l-ideat u l-kisbiet tal-antikità klassika. Seħħ wara l-Kriżi tal-Medju Evu Aħħari u kien assoċjat ma' tibdil soċjali kbir. Minbarra l-perjodizzazzjoni standard, proponenti ta' "Rinaxximent twil" isostnu li beda fis-seklu 14 u ntemm fis-seklu 17.^[1]

Il-fehma tradizzjonali tiffoka iktar fuq l-aspetti moderni bikrin tar-Rinaxximent u targumenta li kien tbegħid mill-imgħoddi, iżda bosta storiċi llum jiffukaw iktar fuq l-aspetti Medjevali tiegħu u jargumentaw li kien estensjoni tal-Medju Evu.^[2][3] Madankollu, fil-bidu tal-perjodu – ir-Rinaxximent Bikri tas-seklu 15 u l-Proto-Rinaxximent Taljan tal-ħabta tal-1250 jew l-1300 – jirkbu b'konsiderevoli fuq xulxin mal-Medju Evu Aħħari, datat konvenzjonalment għall-ħabta tal-1250-1500, u l-Medju Evu stess kien perjodu twil mimli bidliet gradwali, bħall-epoka moderna; u bħala perjodu ta' tranżizzjoni bejn iż-żewġ perjodi, ir-Rinaxximent għandu similaritajiet mat-tnejn li huma, speċjalment mas-subperjodi aħħarin u bikrin tagħhom.

Il-bażi intellettwali tar-Rinaxximent kienet il-verżjoni tiegħu tal-umaniżmu, li oriġina mill-kunċett Ruman ta' humanitas u l-iskoperta mill-ġdid tal-filosofija Griega klassika, bħal dik ta' Protagora, li qal li "l-bniedem huwa l-kejl ta' kollox". Dan il-ħsieb ġdid ġie manifestat fl-arti, fl-arkitettura, fil-politika, fix-xjenza u fil-letteratura. Eżempji bikrin kienu l-iżvilupp tal-perspettiva fil-pittura biż-żejt u l-għarfien imqanqal ta' kif jiġi prodott il-konkos. Għalkemm l-invenzjoni tat-tipa mobbli tal-metall ħaffet it-tixrid tal-ideat mill-aħħar tas-seklu 15, il-bidliet tar-Rinaxximent ma kinux uniformi madwar l-Ewropa: l-ewwel traċċi feġġew fl-Italja saħansitra fl-aħħar tas-seklu 13, b'mod partikolari l-kitbiet ta' Dante u l-pitturi ta' Giotto.

Bħala moviment kulturali, ir-Rinaxximent kien jinkorpora t-tkattir tal-letteratura Latina u vernakulari, l-ewwel nett permezz tal-apprendiment fis-seklu 14 ibbażat fuq sorsi klassiċi, li l-kontemporanji akkreditaw lil Petrarka; l-iżvilupp tal-perspettiva lineari u tekniki oħra li jwasslu għal realtà iktar naturali fil-pittura; u r-riforma edukattiva gradwali iżda mifruxa. Fil-politika, ir-Rinaxximent ikkontribwiet għall-iżvilupp tad-drawwiet u tal-konvenzjonijiet tad-diplomazija, u fix-xjenza għal iktar dipendenza fuq l-osservazzjoni u r-raġunament intuwittiv. Għalkemm fir-Rinaxximent seħħew rivoluzzjonijiet f'bosta oqsma intellettwali u xjentifiċi soċjali, kif ukoll l-introduzzjoni tas-sistema bankarja moderna u l-qasam tal-kontabilità,^[4] x'aktarx li huwa magħruf l-iktar għall-iżviluppi artistiċi u l-kontributi tiegħu minn artisti famużi bħal Leonardo da Vinci u Michelangelo, li ispiraw it-terminu "raġel Rinaxximentali".^[5][6]

Ir-Rinaxximent beda f'Firenze, wieħed mill-bosta stati tal-Italja.^[7] Ġew proposti diversi teoriji dwar l-oriġini u l-karatteristiċi tiegħu, b'enfasi fuq varjetà ta' fatturi, inkluż il-karatteristiċi soċjali u ċiviċi ta' Firenze ta' dak iż-żmien: l-istruttura politika, il-patrunaġġ tal-familja dominanti, il-Medici,^[8] u l-migrazzjoni tal-istudjużi Griegi u tat-testi tagħhom lejn l-Italja wara l-waqgħa ta' Kostantinopli f'idejn it-Torok Ottomani.^[9][10][11] Ċentri ewlenin oħra kienu Venezja, Genoa, Milan, Ruma matul il-Papat Rinaxximentali, u Napli. Mill-Italja, ir-Rinaxximent infirex mal-Ewropa kollha, l-ewwel lejn l-Ungerija (fis-sekli 14 u 15) u lejn Franza, Spanja, il-Portugall, il-Fjandri, l-artijiet Ġermaniżi, il-Polonja, ir-Renju Unit, l-Irlanda u lil hinn.

Ir-Rinaxximent għandu storjografija twila u kumplessa, u skont ix-xettiċiżmu ġenerali ta' perjodizzazzjonijiet diskreti, kien hemm ħafna dibattiti fost l-istoriċi b'reazzjoni għall-glorifikazzjoni tar-"Rinaxximent" fis-seklu 19 u ta' eroj kulturali individwali bħala "rġiel Rinaxximentali", u ddubitaw dwar l-utilità tar-Rinaxximent bħala terminu u bħala referenza storika.^[12] Xi osservaturi ddubitaw jekk ir-Rinaxximent kienx "avvanz" kulturali mill-Medju Evu, u minflok rawh bħala perjodu ta' pessimiżmu u nostalġija għall-antikità klassika, filwaqt li l-istoriċi soċjali u ekonomiċi, speċjalment tal-longue durée, minflok iffukaw fuq il-kontinwità bejn iż-żewġ eri, li huma interkonnessi, kif josserva Panofsky, "minn elf rabta".^[13][14]

It-terminu rinascita ("twelid mill-ġdid") tfaċċa għall-ewwel darba fil-Ħajjiet tal-Artisti ta' Giorgio Vasari (għall-ħabta tal-1550), li nbidel f'"Rinaxximent" fis-snin 30 tas-seklu 19. It-terminu ġie estiż ukoll għal movimenti storiċi u kulturali oħra, bħar-Rinaxximent Karolinġju (is-sekli 8 u 9), ir-Rinaxximent Ottonjan (is-sekli 10 u 11), u r-Rinaxximent tas-seklu 12.^[15]

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