Wilhelm Canaris
Wilhelm Canaris | |
|---|---|
 Canaris pada 1940 | |
| Ketua Abwehr ke-5 | |
| Dalam jawatan 1 Januari 1935 – 12 Februari 1944 | |
| Timbalan | Hans Oster |
| Didahului oleh | Conrad Patzig |
| Digantikan oleh | Georg Hansen |
| Butiran peribadi | |
| Lahir | Wilhelm Franz Canaris 1 Januari 1887 Aplerbeck, Landkreis Dortmund, Provinsi Westphalia, Kerajaan Prusia, Empayar Jerman |
| Meninggal dunia | 9 April 1945 (umur 58) Kem tahanan Flossenbürg, Flossenbürg, Jerman Nazi 49°44′06″N 12°21′21″E / 49.734958°N 12.35577°E |
| Sebab kematian | Hukuman gantung |
| Perkhidmatan ketenteraan | |
| Kesetiaan | |
| Perkhidmatan/cawangan | |
| Tahun perkhidmatan | 1905–1944 |
| Pangkat |  Admiral |
| Perkhidmatan |
|
| Pertempuran | Perang Dunia I
|
| Anugerah | Iron Cross (Kelas 1) Lencana Perang Kapal Selam |
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Wilhelm Franz Canaris (1 Januari 1887 – 9 April 1945) ialah laksamana Jerman dan ketua Abwehr (perkhidmatan perisikan tentera Jerman) dari tahun 1935 hingga 1944. Canaris pada awalnya adalah penyokong Adolf Hitler, dan rejim Nazi. Selepas pencerobohan Jerman ke atas Poland pada 1939, bagaimanapun, Canaris beralih arah menentang Hitler dan melakukan penentangan pasif dan aktif semasa perang.
Selaku ketua agensi perisikan tentera Jerman Nazi, beliau turut terlibat dalam aktiviti penentangan. Apabila perang beralih menentang Jerman, Canaris dan para pegawai tentera lain memperluaskan tentangan rahsia mereka terhadap pemimpin Jerman Nazi. Menjelang tahun 1945, tindakan tentangannya dan sabotaj ke atas rejim Nazi terbongkar dan Canaris telah ditangkap dan digantung di kem tahanan Flossenbürg kerana pengkhianatan besar sewaktu tentera Bersekutu mara ke arah selatan Jerman.
Tarikh kenaikkan pangkat
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Seekadett - 1 April 1905
- Fähnrich zur See - 7 April 1906
- Leutnant zur See - 28 September 1909
- Oberleutnant zur See - 29 Ogos 1910
- Kapitänleutnant - 16 November 1915
- Korvettenkapitän - 1 Januari 1924
- Fregattenkapitän - 1 Jun 1929
- Kapitän zur See - 1 Oktober 1931
- Konteradmiral - 1 Mei 1935
- Vizeadmiral - 1 April 1938
- Admiral - 1 Januari 1940
Anugerah kebesaran
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Order of the Bust of Bolivar Venezuela Kelas 5, 1909
- Darjah Mahkota Kelas 4[1]
- Iron Cross (1914) Kelas 2 dan 1[2]
- Lencana Perang Kapal Selam (1918)[2]
- Austria Military Merit Cross Kelas 3 bsrserta bintang perang[2]
- Bintang Gallipolli[3]
- Pingat Kehormatan Perang Dunia I
- Pingat Khidmat Lama Angkatan Tentera Kelas 4 hingga Kelas 1
- Spanish Cross warna emas berserta pedang
- War Merit Cross kelas 2 dan kelas 1 berserta pedang
- Pingat Semat Iron Cross Kelas 2 dan Kelas 1
- Order of the Cross of Liberty Kelas 1 berserta bintang dan pedang pada 16 September 1941Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak ditutup dengan</ref> - German Cross warna Perak pada 11 November 1943
Watak filem
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Filem tahun 1954 Canaris lakonan O. E. Hasse berdasarkan pada biografinya.[4]
- Watak Wilhelm Canaris dilakonkan oleh Anthony Quayle dalam filem 1976 The Eagle Has Landed.
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Petikan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Ranking List of the German Reichsmarine, publisher: Reichswehrministerium, [[Ernst Siegfried Mittler|Mittler & Sohn] ], Berlin 1929, p. 42.
- ^ a b c Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaRanklisteM1929 - ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaRankingM1929 - ^ Canaris (1954) di Pangkalan Data Filem Internet (IMDb)
Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Abshagen, Karl Heinz (1956). Canaris. London: Hutchinson. ASIN B001CD7LTW.
- Altein, Rachel (2002). Eliezer Y. Zaklikovsky (penyunting). Out of the Inferno: The Efforts That Led to the Rescue of Rabbi Yosef Schneersohn of Lubavitch from War-Torn Europe in 1939–40. New York: Kehot. ISBN 978-0-82660-683-9.
- Bassett, Richard (2011). Hitler's Spy Chief: The Wilhelm Canaris Betrayal. New York: Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-60598-450-6.
- Breitman, Richard; Goda, Norman J.W.; Naftali, Timothy; Wolfe, Robert (2005). U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52161-794-9.
- Delattre, Lucas (2006). A Spy at the Heart of the Third Reich. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-80214-231-3.
- Duffy, Peter (2014). Double Agent. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-1-4516-6795-0.
- Evans, Leslie (1 April 2014). "Fritz Joubert Duquesne: Boer Avenger, German Spy, Munchausen Fantasist". Boryanabooks. Dicapai pada 19 September 2016.
- Evans, Richard (2006). The Third Reich in Power. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14303-790-3.
- Gerwarth, Robert (2012). Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30018-772-4.
- Gilbert, Martin (2004). The Second World War: A Complete History. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0-80507-623-3.
- Hildebrand, Klaus (1973). The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02528-8.
- Hoffmann, Peter (1977). The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-26208-088-0.
- Höhne, Heinz (1979). Canaris: Hitler's Master Spy. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-08777-2.
- Höhne, Heinz (2001). The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0-14139-012-3.
- Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (1968). "The Kommissarbefehl and Mass Executions of Soviet Russian Prisoners of War". Dalam Krausnick, Helmut; Buchheim, Hans; Broszat, Martin; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (penyunting). Anatomy of the SS State. New York: Walker and Company. ISBN 978-0-00211-026-6.
- Johnson, David Alan (2007). Betrayal: The True Story of J. Edgar Hoover and the Nazi Saboteurs Captured During WWII. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-78181-173-6.
- Kahn, David (1978). Hitler's Spies: German Intelligence in World War II. New York: MacMillan. ISBN 0-02-560610-7.
- Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler: 1936–1945, Nemesis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-39332-252-1.
- Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
- Lindgren, Henrik (1970). "Adam von Trotts Reisen nach Schweden 1942–1944. Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Auslandsverbindungen des deutschen Widerstandes" [Adam von Trott's Travels to Sweden 1942–1944. A Contribution to the Question of Foreign Connections to the German Resistance]. Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (dalam bahasa Jerman). Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH. 18 (3): 274–291. JSTOR 30197746.
- MacDonnell, Francis (1995). Insidious Foes: The Axis Fifth Column and the American Home Front. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19509-268-4.
- Mueller, Michael (2007). Canaris: The Life and Death of Hitler's Spymaster. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-5911-4101-3.
- Müller, Klaus-Jürgen (1985). "The Structure and Nature of the National Conservative Opposition in Germany up to 1940". Dalam H.W. Koch (penyunting). Aspects of the Third Reich. New York and London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-33335-273-1.
- Rich, Norman (1973). Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-05454-3.
- Shirer, William (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: MJF Books. ISBN 978-1-56731-163-1.
- Stewart, William (2009). Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-78643-809-9.
- Suhr, Heiko (2020). Wilhelm Canaris: Lehrjahre eines Geheimdienstchefs (1905–1934) (dalam bahasa Jerman). Wachholtz Verlag. m/s. 216. ISBN 978-3-529-09551-1.
- Trigg, Jonathan (2019). D-Day Through German Eyes: How the Wehrmacht Lost France. Stroude, Gloucestershire, England: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-8931-9.
- Wagner, Matthew (4 August 2009). "Chabad: Make Nazi Commander a Righteous Gentile". The Jerusalem Post. Dicapai pada 22 July 2016.
- Waller, John (1996). The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-67944-826-6.
- Watt, Donald Cameron (1989). How War Came: Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-67973-093-4.
- Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1980). Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-06864-5.
- Wichmann, Manfred (14 September 2014). "Wilhelm Canaris 1887–1945". Lebendiges Museum Online (LEMO). Dicapai pada 21 July 2016.
- Wistrich, Robert (1995). Who's Who in Nazi Germany. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41511-888-0.
- Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1991). The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York: MacMillan Publishing. ISBN 0-02-897500-6.
Pautan luar
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Wikipetik mempunyai koleksi petikan mengenai: Wilhelm Canaris |
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Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Wilhelm Canaris |
- Templat:Cite Uboat.net
- Petikan akbar mengenai Wilhelm Canaris di 20th Century Press Archives daripada ZBW
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