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Saponin

Saponin adalah bahan-bahan kimia organik berasa pahit dan beracun berasal dari tumbuhan tertentu terutamanya dari genus yang mampu menghasilkan buih atau busa ketika dikocak dalam air seakan sabun (akar istilah ini dari sapon "sabun" dalam bahasa Latin);[1] malah ia sendirinya larut dalam air dan lemak. Bahan ini asasnya menyerupai glikosida dari struktur menghubung dengan pada molekul organik lain biasanya steroid atau triterpena.[2][1]

Selain sabun itu sendirinya, bahan kimia ini digunakan dalam ubat-ubatan, alat pemadam api, serta dalam penghasilan sintesis steroid. Banyak sebatian saponin yang beracun ini boleh membunuh ikan[3] sehingga dimanfaatkan banyak masyarakat seluruh dunia untuk menuba dan menangkap hasil ikan tersebut.[4][5]

Sumber-sumber utama

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Saponin dijumpai dalam spesies-spesies tergolong dalam genus dan keluarga botani berikut:

  • Saponaria[1]
  • Sapindaceae termasuk genus Sapindus
  • Aceraceae (pokok-pokok mapel)
  • Hippocastanaceae

Rujukan

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ a b c "Saponins". Cornell University. 14 August 2008. Dicapai pada 23 February 2009.
  2. ^ Hostettmann, K.; A. Marston (1995). Saponins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 3ff. ISBN 978-0-521-32970-5. OCLC 29670810.
  3. ^ Howes, F. N. (1930), "Fish-poison plants", Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew), 1930 (4): 129–153, doi:10.2307/4107559, JSTOR 4107559
  4. ^ Jonathan G. Cannon, Robert A. Burton, Steven G. Wood, and Noel L. Owen (2004), "Naturally Occurring Fish Poisons from Plants", J. Chem. Educ., 81 (10): 1457, Bibcode:2004JChEd..81.1457C, doi:10.1021/ed081p1457CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  5. ^ C. E. Bradley (1956), "Arrow and fish poison of the American southwest", Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 10 (4): 362–366, doi:10.1007/BF02859766
Jenis terpena dan terpenoid (bilangan unit isoprena)
Bentuk asas:
  • Tak siklik (linear, bentuk cis dan trans)
  • Monosiklik (satu gelang)
  • Dwisiklik (2 gelang)
  • Iridoid (siklopentana)
  • Glikosida iridoid (iridoid dengan gula)
  • Steroid (4 gelang)
Hemiterpenoid (1)
Monoterpena (C10H16) (2)
Tak siklik
  • Osimena
  • Mirsena
Monosiklik
Dwisiklik
  • Pinena (α dan β)
  • Kamfena
  • Tujena
  • Sabinena
  • Karena
Monoterpenoid (2, terubai suai)
Tak siklik
  • Geraniol
  • Geranil pirofosfat
  • Halomon
  • Linalool
  • Sitronelal
  • Sitral
  • Sitronelol
Monosiklik
  • Merkaptan limau gedang
  • Mentol
  • p-Simena
  • Tujaplisin (Hinokitiol)
  • Timol
  • Perilil alkohol
  • Karvakrol
Dwisiklik
  • Kamfor
  • Borneol
  • Bornil asetat
  • Eukaliptol
  • Askaridol
  • Umbelulon
Seskuiterpenoid (3)
  • Artemisinin
  • Bisabolol
  • Farnesil pirofosfat
  • Juniperol
  • Kadinena
  • Kadinol
  • Kanutin
  • Longifolena
  • Muurolena
  • Nutkatin
  • Sedrena
Diterpenoid (4)
Tak siklik
  • Fitol
  • Geranilgeranil pirofosfat
  • Geranil-linalool
Monosiklik
Dwisiklik
  • cis-Abienol
  • Epimanool
  • Salvinorin A
Trisiklik
  • Kembrena
  • Forskolin
  • Manoil oksida
  • Pimaral
  • Pimarol
Tetrasiklik
  • Aphidikolin
  • Giberelin
  • Paklitaksel
Asid resin
  • Asid abietik
  • Asid kominik
  • Asid dehidroabietik
  • Asid isopimarik
  • Asid lambertianik
  • Asud levopimarik
  • Asid merkusik
  • Asid Neoabietik
  • Asid pimarik
  • Asid sandarakopimarik
  • Asid sekodehidroabietik
  • Asid palustrik
Sesterterpenoid (5)
  • Geranilfarnesol
Triterpenoid (6)
Steroid
Lain-lain
  • Betulin
  • Lanosterol
  • Saponin
  • Seratenadiol
  • Skualena
  • Asid
    • Asid oleanolik
    • Asid ursolik
    • Asid betulinik
    • Asid moronik
Seskuarterpena/oid (7)
  • Ferugikadiol
  • Tetraprenilkurkumena
Tetraterpenoid
(Karotenoid) (8)
Karotena
Xantofil:
  • Kantaxantin
  • Kriptoxantin
  • Zeaxanthin
  • Astaxantin
  • Lutein
  • Rubixantin
Politerpenoid (banyak)
  • Getah
  • Gutta percha
  • Gutta-balatá
Norisoprenoid (terubah suai)
  • 3-okso-α-ionol
  • 7,8-dihidroionon
Sinetsis
  • Enzim sintase terpena (banyak), dengan kesamaan domain terminal N terpena sintase sepunya (domain protein)
Bentuk isoprena aktif
  • Isopentenil pirofosfat (IPP)
  • Dimetilalil pirofosfat (DMAPP)
Kategori
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Saponin
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