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Biologia

Biologia ad studium vitae organismos vivos valet.
Acidum desoxyribonucleicum, scriptio vitalis, quae organismi proprietates statuit

Biologia (-ae, f.)[1] est scientia naturalis, quae vitam et organismos vivos describit et investigat, ut eorum anatomia, physiologia, auctus, origines, propagatio, et taxinomia sciantur,[2] systema vitae terrestris melius intellegatur, melioria remedia reperiantur, et agricultura proferatur.

Biologia multos ramos, quaestiones, doctrinas comprehendit, quarum inter gravissimas res sunt quinque principia, quae fortasse sunt axiomata biologiae hodiernae[3]:

  1. Cellulae sunt principales vitae monades (theoria cellularum).
  2. Novae species et proprietates hereditariae sunt opus evolutionis (evolutio).
  3. Gena sunt principales hereditatis monades (genetica).
  4. Organismus circumiecta interiora temperat, ut condicio stabilis continuaque conservetur (homoeostasis).
  5. Organismi vivi energiam consumunt et commutant (energia).

Scientia in biologia ad res structurales, physiologicas, evolutionis, systematum, regnorum spectat. Eis cum rebus hodiernae biologiae tamen plurimae quaestiones inexplicabiles restant.

Biologiae hodiernae quoque plures subdisciplinae sunt, vetustiores ut anatomia vel taxinomia, noviores ut informatio genetica, epigenetica, astrobiologia.

Nomen de verbis Graecis βίος, vita, -λογία, studium, emanavit. In lingua Latina "biologia" coniunctus primo anno 1736 ab Suecico medico Carolo Linnaeo in opere suo Bibliotheca Botanica adhibebatur.

Si plus cognoscere vis, vide etiam Historia biologiae.

Quamquam notio unius disciplinae cohaerentis biologiae saeculo undevicesimo orta est, scientiae biologicae ex moribus medicinae et historiae naturalis emerserunt, qui ad Ayurvedam, medicinam Aegypti antiquae, opera Aristotelis et Galeni extenduntur. Haec scientia antiqua medio aevo elaborata est a medicis philosophisque Musulmanis, inter quos insigniter Avicenna. Per renascentiam Europaeam et novum aevum, cogitatio biologica tempus rerum novarum subiit, propter novum empirismi studium et inventionem multorum organismorum novorum.

Res biologiae principales

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Systemata naturae vivae (Systematica)

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Ob nomenclaturam biologicam Carolus Linnaeus systema naturae commentus est. Secundum hoc systema omnis vita hodie est divisa in tres regiones: Archaea, Bacteria, Eucaryota. Olim Archaea et Bacteria sub imperio Procaryota subsummata erant, quia illi organismi nucleum non habent, sed nucleoidem. Virus etiam est res biologica, sed utrum vivat incertum est.

  • Regio "Archaea" sive Archaebacteria
  • Regio "Bacteria"
  • Regio "Eucaryota":
    • Regnum "Animalia": heterotrophica et multicellularia sunt; motiliaque sunt aliquando in circulo vitae.
    • Regnum "Plantae": autotrophicae et multicellulares sunt; habentque duras parietes cellulares et per chloroplasta capiunt lucem.
    • Regnum "Fungi": heterotrophici et saepissime multicellulares sunt, quandam cellularum specializationem in texturas ostendentes; parietes cellulares habent et propagunt vegetative.
    • Regnum "Protista": unicellularia sunt et, cum colonias componunt, nullam specializationem in texturas ostendunt; sunt heterophica et autotrophica.

Disciplinae biologicae

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Biologia ex multis disciplinis constat, inter quas sunt sequentes.

Nexus interni

  1. Ebbe Vilborg, Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok, editio secunda (2009). Vocabulum "biologia" Nova Aevo creatum est.
  2. Redigerens definitionem ex Aquarena Wetlands Project glossarium.
  3. Avila, Vernon L. (1995). Biology: Investigating life on earth. Boston: Jones and Bartlett. pp. 11–18. ISBN 0-86720-942-9 .

Bibliographia

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  • Alberts, Bruce, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts, et P. Walter. 2002. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Ed. 4a. Garland. ISBN 978-0-8153-3218-3. OCLC 48122761 57023651 69932405 145080076 48122761 57023651 69932405.
  • Almquist, Ernst. 1931. Große Biologen. Monaci: J. F. Lehmann Verlag.
  • Asimov, Isaac. 1968. Geschichte der Biologie. Francofurti: Fischer.
  • Bäumer, Änne. Geschichte der Biologie.
  • Bäumer, Änne 1997. Bibliography of the history of biology / Bibliographie zur Geschichte der Biologie. Francofurti: Peter Lang. ISBN 3-631-32261-5.
  • Begon, Michael, C. R. Townsend, et J. L. Harper. 2005. Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems. Ed. quarta. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-1117-1. OCLC 57675855 62131207 57639896 57675855 62131207.
  • Campbell, Neil A. 2004. Biology. Ed. septima. Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8053-7146-X. OCLC 71890442.
  • Campbell, Neil A., et Jane B. Reece. 2006. Biologie. Ed. sexta. Monaci: Pearson Studium. ISBN 3-8273-7180-5.
  • Colinvaux, Paul. 1979. Why Big Fierce Animals are Rare: An Ecologist's Perspective. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02364-6. OCLC 24132192 10081738 24132192.
  • Göldenboog, Christian. 2003. Das Loch im Walfisch: Die Philosophie der Biologie. Stutgardiae: Klett-Cotta. ISBN 3-608-91991-0.
  • Hoagland, Mahlon. 2001. The Way Life Works. Jones and Bartlett Publishers inc. ISBN 0-7637-1688-X. OCLC 45487537 223090105 45487537.
  • Jahn, Ilse, ed. 2002. Geschichte der Biologie: Theorien, Methoden, Institutionen, Kurzbiographien. Ed. tertia. Heidelbergae: Spektrum. (Et Kassel 2004.) ISBN 3-8274-1023-1.
  • Janovy, John, Jr. 2004. On Becoming a Biologist. Ed. secunda. Bison Books. ISBN 0-8032-7620-6. OCLC 56964280 55138571 56964280.
  • Johnson, George B. 2005. Biology, Visualizing Life. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. ISBN 0-03-016723-X. OCLC 36306648.
  • Klämbt, Dieter, Horst Kreiskott, et Bruno Streit. 1991. Angewandte Biologie. Wenhemii: VCH. ISBN 3-527-28170-3.
  • Mayr, Ernst. 2000. Das ist Biologie: Die Wissenschaft des Lebens. Heidelbergae: Spektrum. ISBN 3-8274-1015-0.
  • Mayr, Ernst. (1984) 2002. Die Entwicklung der biologischen Gedankenwelt: Vielfalt, Evolution und Vererbung. Berolini: Springer.
  • Penzlin, Heinz. 2009. Die theoretischen Konzepte der Biologie in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung. Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau 62 (5): 233–43. ISSN 0028-1050.
  • Purves, William K., et al. 2006. Biologie. Ed. septima. Heidelbergae: Spektrum. ISBN 3-8274-1630-2.
  • Scherf, Gertrud. 2006. Wörterbuch Biologie. CD ROM. Berolini: Directmedia Publishing. ISBN 978-3-89853-840-4
  • Tobin, Allan, et Jennie Dusheck. 2005. Asking About Life. Ed tertia. Belmont Californiae: Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-40653-X.
  • Toepfer, Georg. 2011. Historisches Wörterbuch der Biologie: Geschichte und Theorie der biologischen Grundbegriffe. 3 vol. Stutgardiae: Metzler. ISBN 978-3-476-02316-2.

Nexus externi

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Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad biologiam spectant.
Scientiae naturales et artes mathematicae


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Biologia
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